WVSOM -- Neural and Hormonal control of the GI system
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| GRP | Grastrin Releasing Peptide
Releases Gastrin
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| Action of Gastrin | Stimulates gastric acid secretion
Growth of gastric oxyntic gland mucosa
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| Gastrin site of release | Antrum (duodenum)
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| Releaser of Gastrin | Amino Acids
Distention
Vagal Stimulation
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| CCK | Cholecystokinin
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| CCK stimulates | Gallbladder contraction
Pancreatic enzyme secretion
Pancreatic bicarb secretion
Growth of exocrine pancreas
Pepsin secretino
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| CCK inhibits | Gastric emptying
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| CCK site of release | duodenum and jejunum
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| What releases CCK? | Peptides
Amino Acids
Fatty acids > 8carbons
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| Secretin stimulates? | pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
biliary bicarbonate secretion
Growth of exocrine pancreas
Pepsin secretion
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| Secretin inhibits? | Gastric acid secretion
Trophic effect of gastrin
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| Secretin is released ? | duodenum
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| What causes release of secretin? | acid (fat)
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| What does GIP stimulate? | Insulin release
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| What does GIP inhibit? | gastric acid secretion
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| What does GIP stand for? | Gluco-dependant Inuslotropic Peptide
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
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| Motilin stimulates? | Gastric motility
Intestinal motility
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| Motilin is released at | duodenum and jejunum
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| What causes release of motilin | nerves (fat and acid)
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| What are neurocrins? | located in nerves and released into the blood to affect distant target tissue
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| What are the 4 neurocrines? | VIP
GRP
enkephalins
neurotensin
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| VIP | vasoinhibitory peptide
both stimulatory and inhibitory secretion
Inhibits gastric secretion
causes relaxation of GI smooth muscle
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| GRP | Gastrin-releasing peptide
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| What nerves release GRP? | Vagus
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| What is GRP's action? | Gastrin release
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| Enkephalins | opiates
decrease motility and decrease intestinal secretion
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| What common disorder are enkephalins good for? | diarrhea
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| Neurotensin | increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and glucagon release
INHIBITS insulin release
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| Paracrines | somatostatin
histamine
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| Somatostatin | Inhibits everything
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| Histamines | Induce parietal cells
comes from ganglia
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| Candidate Hormones | Pancreatic polypeptide
Peptide YY
Enteroglucagon
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| Pancreatic polypeptide | Decreases pancreatic bicarb and enzyme secretion.
Released by protein, fat and glucose
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| Peptide YY | Inhibits gastric secretion and emptying
Released by fat
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| Enteroglucagon | Inhibits gastric secretion and emptying
Stimulates insulin release
Released by Hexose and Fat
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| How are the distal rectum and anal canal innervated | sympathetic fibers from the hypogastric plexus
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| Parasympathtic nerves _____________ the GI. | stimulate
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| Sympathetic nerves _____________ the GI. | inhibit
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| SNS ____________ sphincters | contracts
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| SNS _________ tone/motility of the GI. | decreases
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| PNS _________ sphincters. | relaxes
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| PNS ______________ of smooth muscle of the GI. | increases motility
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| Can the enteric nervous system function independently? | yes
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| What modulates enteric output? | extrinsic nervous system
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| Enteric nervous system | Subdivision of peripheral nervous system that directly controls the GI system.
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| Extrinsic nervous system | Everything outside the enteric nervous system
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| Parasympathetic pre-ganglion synapse onto _________ | enteric ganglion
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| Post-ganglionic nerves from the enteric nervous system synapse __________. | on target cells and other enteric nerves.
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| Anything leaving the enteric nervous system is ______________. | post-ganglionic
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| 3 types of post-ganglionic nerves leaving the enteric system. | post-ganglionic parasympathetic
post-post-ganglionic sympathetic
post-enteric
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| What are the two main plexus found in the GI | myenteric and submucosal
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| Where is myenteric plexus located? | just under the longitudinal muscle
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| Where is the submucosal plexus found? | Just under the circular muscle
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| Myentery plexus innervates ____________. | Outer muscles
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| Submucosal plexus innervates _____________. | Crypts and villi.
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| What kind of information is carried on the vagus nerve? | afferent and efferent
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| The classic exitatory neurotransmitters are | ACH and Substance P
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| The classic inhibitory neurotransmitters are | VIP and NO
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| VIP is located exclusively within | nerves
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| Two reflexes in the GI | Vasovagal Reflex
local/intramural reflexes
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| Vasovagal reflex | afferent information goes from gut to CNS then efferents return to the GI to correct the situation
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| Local reflexes and intramural reflexes occur | only in the gut wall
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| Hormonal control of teh GI tract | cell-cell
autorcine
paracrine
nervous
endocrine
neuroendocrine
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| Cell-cell control | thru gap junctions
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| autocrine control | cell secretes a hormone that regulates itself
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| paracrine | target cell is near signaling cell
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| Nervous control of the GI | neuron releases thru a synapse to target cell
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| Endocrine control | endocrine cell releases hormone to blood stream then goes to target cell
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| Neuroendocrine control | Nerve releases hormone to bloodstream then goes to target cell
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| Distension inhibits | gastrin
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| Protein stimulates | Gastrin
CCK
GIP
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| Fat stimulates | CCK GIP
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| Acids/Fatty Acids stimulate | Secretin
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| Acids/fatty acids inhibit | Gastrin
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| Glucose stimulates | GIP
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| Motilin is released | cyclically every 90 minutes during fasting
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| What inhibits motilin? | mixed meal
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| ECF | enterochromaffin-like cells
release histamine
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| Zollinger Ellison | Gastrin secreting tumors in the pancreas
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Created by:
tjamrose
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