Digestive-1: Oral cavity and Assoc. Structures
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| What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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| What are the 4 parts of the large intestine? | cecum, appendix; ascending, transverse, and descending colon
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| What are the 4 layers of the GI tube? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
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| What must most substances that enter the body first cross? | alimentary mucosa
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| What are the 5 functions of the alimentary mucosa? | secretion, absorption, barrier, immunologic protection
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| What are the two divisions of the oral cavity? | vestibule (between lips, cheeks, and teeth) and oral cavity proper (space behind teeth)
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| The major salivary glands are surrounded by a capsule of what? | moderately dense connective tissue
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| What does the septa of the paired salivary glands divide them into? | lobules
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| What are 3 types of acini? | serous (spheroidal, protein secreting), mucous (tubular, mucin), and mixed
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| What is the basic unit of the salivary glands? | salivon
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| What does a salivon consist of? | acinus (blind sac), striated duct, excretory duct
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| What type of well developed ducts do serous glands have and what do they do? | Intercalated ducts and striated ducts... modify serous secretions by absorption of specific components and secretion of additional components to form saliva
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| Mucous glands have what type of ducts? | poorly developed intercalated ducts (secretions are not modified)
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| What is the duct of the Parotid called and where does it open? | Stenson's duct, oral cavity at parotid papillae opposite 2nd molar
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| What are the secretory units of the parotid gland and what type of ducts are present? | serous, numerous long intercalated ducts and long and conspicuous striated ducts
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| What type of tissue is often seen with the parotid gland? | large amounts of adipose tissue, a diagnostic feature
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| What cranial nerve passes through the gland? | CN VII
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| What viral infection of the parotid could damage the facial nerve? | mumps
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| Where is the submandibular gland located? | beneath the mandible
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| What is the duct of the submandibular gland and where does it open? | Wharton's duct, sublingual caruncle on either side of the lingual frenulum below tongue
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| What type of secretion is predominant of the submandibular gland? | serous (mucous acini are seen with serous demilune caps)
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| Where is the sublingual gland located? | inferior to tongue on floor of oral cavity
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| What type of secretion is predominant of the sublingual gland? | mucous (some mucous acini have serous demilunes)
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| What are serous demilunes? | artifacts of fixation
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| What moistens oral mucosa and dry food to aid in swallowing, and provides for dissolved and suspended food to stimulate taste buds? | saliva
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| Saliva has a high concentration of what to buffer the contents of the oral cavity? | bicarbonate ions
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| What enzyme does saliva contain to digest carbohydrates? | alpha-amylase
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| What enzyme does saliva contain that controls the bacterial flora of the oral cavity? | lysozyme (muramidase) which lyses the muramic acid in certain bacteria
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| What immunoglobulin does saliva contain? | IgA
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| What makes IgA? | plasma cells in the connective tissue surrounding the secretory acini of salivary glands
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| Describe the process of the immunologic function of saliva. | internalization of IgA molecules occurs through receptor mediated endocytosis into acinar cells... then SECRETORY IgA (sIgA) IS THEN RELEASED INTO THE LUMEN OF THE SALIVARY DUCT
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| What and where are myoepithelial cells found? | contractile cells that function to move secretory products toward the excretory duct and are found on the basal aspect of acinar secretory cells
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| What is the tonsillar ring called? | Waldeyer's lymphatic ring
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| What does the tonsillar ring include? | palatine tonsils, tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), and lingual tonsils
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| What is and where is the masticatory mucosa found? | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, parakeratinized in some areas... found on gingiva and hard palate
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| What is parakeratinized epithelium? | similar to keratinized epithelium except that superficial cells do not lose nuclei
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| What does the keratinized epithelium of masticatory mucosa resemble? what is it lacking in comparison? | skin, lacks stratum lucidium
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| What does lining mucosa cover? | striated muscle, bone, glands
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| What type of epithelium does the lining mucosa have? | nonkeratinized but may be parakeratinized in some places
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| What are the 3 layers of the nonkeratinized (thicker than keratinized) epithelium of lining mucosa? | stratum basale (single layer), stratum spinosum (several layers), stratum superficiale
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| What are found in the lining mucosal epithelium also found in the skin? | keratinocytes, langerhans cells, melanocytes (NEURAL CREST CELLS), Merkel's cells (modified epidermal cells in stratum basale)
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| In what orientation do muscle fibers of the tongue run? | in 3 planes and perpendicular to each other
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| What do smooth bulges on the dorsal surface of the tongue indicate? | lingual tonsils in the lamina propria
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| What divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue? | V-shaped depression: SULCUS TERMINALIS
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| What is at the apex of the sulcus terminalis? | foramen cecum, remnant of thyroid formation during development
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| What are 4 types of lingual papillae? | Filiform (small and most numerous), Fungiform (mushroom), Circumvallate (large, dome, anterior to sulcus terminalis), Foliate (rabbits)
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| What lingual papillae are taste buds found on? | fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae
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| Where is the taste pore? | small opening at the apex of the bud
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| Besides papillae, where else are taste buds found? | palatoglossal arch, soft palate, posterior surface of the epiglottis, posterior wall of the pharynx down to level of cricoid cartilage
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| What are 3 principle cell types found in taste buds? | neuroepithelial cells (microvilli, basal lamina to taste pore, make synapses w/ afferent processes of cn VII IX or X), supporting cells (basal lamina to taste pore, microvilli, do not synapse w/ afferent processes of CNs), basal cells (stem cells)
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| What are teeth embedded and attached to? | alveolar processes
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| How many deciduous baby teeth are there? how many adult teeth? | 20, 32
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| What is enamel made of and what does it cover? | hydroxyapatite, crown of tooth
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| What cells produce enamel? | cells of ectodermal origin
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| What is the most abundant dental tissue and where is it found? | Dentin, lies deep to enamel
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| What cells secrete dentin? | odontoblasts which are columnar cells with developed RER, large golgi, and other organelles associated with synthesis and secretion of large amts of protein
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| What cells secrete cementum? | cementocyte that closely resemble osteocytes
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| Unlike bone, cementum is____? | avascular
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| What tissue does tooth pulp consist of? | loose connective tissue
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| Tooth pulp is _____ and supplied by ____ nerves. | highly vascularized, abundant nerves
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| Where do blood vessels and nerves enter the pulp cavity? | tip of the root: APICAL FORAMEN
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| What characterizes pulp nerve fibers and what are they sensitive to? | unmyelinated, sensitive only to pain
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| What other components are found in the central pulp cavity? | ODONTOBLASTS, FIBROBLASTS, thin collagen fibers, ground substance that contains glycoaminoglycans
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| What are supporting tissues for the teeth? | alveolar margins of maxilla and mandible, periodontal ligament and gingiva
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| What is the periodontal ligament? | fibrous connective tissue that joins the tooth to the bone and provides for proprioception
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| What forms the peg-in-socket joint? | tooth, periodontal ligament, and socket form GOMPHOSIS
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| Poor oral health may be associated with what? | 1. cardiovascular disease such as bacteria endocarditis and atherosclerosis 2. Premature birth 3. diabetes may be more difficult to control
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