Gastrointestinal System
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| What is in the oral cavity? | Mucosa
Submucosa
Lips
Tongue
Taste buds
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| What makes up the mucosa of the oral cavity? | stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and a lamina propra of loose connective tissue
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| What is the core of the lips | Skeletal muscle called orbicularis oris
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| What is the orbicularis ors? | skeletal muscle core of the lips
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| What is the outer surface of the lips? | It is lined with skin
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| Histological features of the tongue (6) | stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Papillae
Skeltal Muscle
Serous and mucus glands
Glands of Von Ebner
Taste buds
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| Inner surface of the lips | oral muscoa with labial glands in the lamina propria
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| Papillae of the tongue | Contain receptors for taste
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| Gland of Von ebner | Serous glands of the oral cavity
Wash out the taste buds
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| Filiform paillae | elongated and partially keratinized
cover the dorsal surface of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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| Fungiform papillae | mushroom-shpaed
Scattered over the dorsal surface of teh tounge and contain taste buds
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| (Circum)vallate papillae | lie along the sulcus terminalis that divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Extremely large and surrounded by a groove, or oat.
Empty their secretions into teh moat around the papilla
have taste buds
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| Waldeyer's Ring | An interrupted circle of protective lymphoid tissue at the upper ends of the respiratory and alimentary tracts
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| Lingual Tonsil | diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes or multiple small nodules.
Below epithelium of the posterior third of the tongue
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| Layers of the tooth | Ameloblasts
enamil
Dentin
Odontoblasts
papilla
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| Crown of tooth | projects above the gingiva
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| Gingiva | mucous membrane that is attached to teh alveolar periosteum and surrounds teh neck of the tooth
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| root of the tooth | projects below the gingiva
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| Pulp | core of the tooth that is made up of loose connective tissue
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| Pulp cavity | contains the pulp
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| Dentin | Calcified tissue that covers the pulp
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| Dentin is made up of | odontoblasts
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| Dentin growth | formation continues through life
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| What part of the tooth gets smaller | pulp cavity
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| Enamel | covers the dentin on the crown of teh tooth.
Hardest surface in the body
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| Enamel is made up of | ameloblasts
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| Where are ameloblasts? | cover the surface of the developing tooth
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| General organization of the digestive tract | From inside out:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
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| Mucosa of the GI tract | epithelium (simple squamous or cuboid)
Lamina Protpria
Muscularis mucosa
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| Muscularis mucosa | smooth muscle that can contract under the sympathetic nervous system
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| Submucosa | Below the mucosa
Dense irregular connective tissue
Contains meissner's plexus
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| Muscularis externa | moves the food toward the anal canal
big ring of muscle
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| Serosa (adventitia) | layer of loose connective tissue which is not covered by a mesothelial covering (visceral peritoneum)
Mesothelium
Connective tissue
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| Histological Features of the Esophagus (4) | Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
Skeletal muscle (top 1/3 and mixed in middle 1/3)
Smooth muscle (bottom 1/3 and mixed in the middle 1/3)
Serous-mucus glands in the submucosa
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| Layers of esophagus | Lumen
Epithelium
Lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
muscularis externa
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| Mucosa of esophagus | epithelium + lamina propria + muscularis mucosa
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| What glands are found in lamina propria of esophagus? | mucus-secreting esophageal cardiag glands
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| Muscularis mucosa is a | single longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
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| Submucosa of the esophagus | esophageal glands (serous)
Muscularis externa
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| Muscularis externa of esophagus | skeletal in upper third
smooth and skeletal in middle third
smooth muscle in lower third
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| Histological features of the stomach (3) | Cardiac
Fundic
Pyloric
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| Body of stomach | fundus
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| Cardiac glands of the stomach | mucous cells that secrete mucus and lysozyme
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| lysozyme | bacteriocidal enzyme
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| Gastric glands | Found in fundus of stomach.
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| Cell types of gastric glands | undifferentiated stem cells
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendrocrine cells
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| Lamina propria of stomach | has gastric pits on surface of epithelium into the lamina propria.
Lined with mucous cells
Gastric glands
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| Gastric Glands | branched tubular glands at the bottom of the pits in the lamina propria
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| 3 types of gastric glands | cardiac glands
gastric (fundic) glands
Pyloric glands
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| Pit to gland ratio of cardiac stomach | 1:1
length of gland should be the same as length of pit
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| Fundic Glands can be divided into 3 parts | isthmus
neck
body
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| Cells found in isthmus | parietal cell
mucous neck cell
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| Cells of body | chief cell
argentaffin cell
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| Surface mucous cells secrete | mucin
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| Mucous neck cells secrete | alkaline mucin
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| parietal cells secrete | HCl and intrinsic factor
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| Chief Cells secrete | pepsinogen
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| enteroendocrine cells secrete | gastrin
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| Pit/Gland ratio in the pyloric area | 2:1
long pits and short glands
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| Pyloric glands are found | in the pyloric region of the stomach
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| Cells of the pyloric glands | mucous cells
enteroendocrine cells
parietal cells
undifferentiated stem cells
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| Mucous cells of the pyloric glands | secrete mucus and lysozyme
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| Enteroendocrine cells of the pyloric glands | G cells secrete gastrin
D cells secrete somatostatin
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| gastrin | stimulates the parietal cells in the gastric glands to secrete HCl
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| Somatostatin | regulates the release of the other hormones
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| Parietal cells in the pyloric stomach | in limited number
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| Histological features of the duodenum | simple columnar epithelium
muscularis mucosa
Brunner's Glands in submucosa
Smooth muscle
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| Brunner's Glands | only glands in submucosa past the esophagus
secrete alkaline mucus that protects the mucosa from gastric acid.
Maintains pH for pancreatic enzymes to work
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| Muscularis externa of intestines | inner circular and out longitudal layers of smooth muscle
Auerbach's plexus found between the two layers
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| Histological features of the jejunum and ileum | long villi with lacteals
crypts of lieberkuhn
smooth muscle
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| Crypts of Lieberkuhn | space in dark ridges
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| Histological features of the jejunum and ileum | simple columnar epithelium
long villi with lacteals
crypts of lieberkuhn
smooth muscle
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| Crypts of Lieberkuhn | space in dark ridges
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| Villus Structure | Villus and Crypt
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| Villus cells | absorptive cells
goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
crypt cells
stem cells
paneth cells
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| Paneth cells | found in base of crypts
they secrete antibacterial enzyme lysozyme
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| Enteroendocrine cell products of the small intestine | secretin
cholecystokinin
gastric inhibiotry peptide
motilin
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| Secretin | stimulates growth and secretino of the exocrine pancreas
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| cholecystokinin | stimulates growth and secretino of teh exocrine pancreas and contractino of teh smooth muscle of teh gall bladder, but inhibits gastric eptying
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| GIP | gastric inhibitory peptide
Inhibits HCl secretion by teh pareital cells in stomach
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| Motilin | increases gut motility
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| Illeum can be differentiated by having | Peyer's patches
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| Appendix | similar sturcture to the colon but has shorter crypts of leiberkuhn and no teniae coli
Large amounts of lymphoid tissue
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| Hirschsprung's disease | absence of ganglion cells in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of teh rectum.
Feces remain in the colon causing it to enlarge
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| Histological features of the colon | simple columnar epithelium
NO vili
crypts of leiberkuhn
smooth muscle: teniae coli
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| Teniae Coli | smooth rubber band sections of muscle
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| Anal Canal | Look for apocrine glands
Hair follicles
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
smooth and skeletal muscle
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| External sphincter is what kind of muscle? | skeletal
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