FAB - Ossification Centers
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| Primary ossification centers begin before or after birth? | Before
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| Secondary ossification centers begin before or after birth? | after
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| Ossification is the 1st, 2nd, etc.. stage of vertebral development? | the Last stage
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| What happens in chondrification? | The embryo has the mesodermal layer being replaced by the cartilage.
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| When has chondrification completed? | Usually by the 3rd fetal month
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| When does ossification occur, time wise? | In the 10th week of embryonic development.
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| When are primary ossification centers usually completed? | By 3 to 6 yrs of age
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| In cervical vertebrae except C1 & C2, where are the primary ossification centers? | 1 in vert body; 1 in each of the vert arches (lamina and pedicles)
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| Where are the 2ndary ossif. centers in C3-C7? | epiphyseal plates of the vert body, tip of each TP, and tip of each SP
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| Where are primary ossif. centers in all thoracic vert? | 1 in vert body; 1 in each of the vert arches (lamina and pedicles)
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| Where are 2ndary ossif. centers in all thoracic vert? | epiphyseal plates of the vert body, tip of each TP, and tip of each SP
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| Time wise, when do 2ndary centers appear and complete? | Appear during 18th yr of life, completed by 25.
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| Where are the secondary ossifications of the Lumbar? | epiphyseal plates of the vert body, tip of each TP, and tip of each SP
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| Where are the 1 ossif. centers of ATLAS? | 1 in each of lateral masses.
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| Where are the 2ndary ossif. centers of ATLAS? | On the anterior arch.
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| Where are the prim. ossif. centers of C2? | 1 in the body, 1 in each arch, 2 in base of odontoid process.
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| Where are the 2ndary ossif. centers of C2? | 1 in apex of dens. 1 @ bottom of vert body where ant-inf. lipping starts.
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| The mesodermal stage is marked by the ____condensation of the ___ ____ around the ____. | mesenchymal; paired sclerotomes; notochord
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| What happens to each of the sclerotomes during the mesodermal stage? | They become more dense
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| In mesodermal stage, how do the sclerotomes get separated in half? | a horizontal fissure aka intervertebral fissure occurs to separate the sclerotomes in half
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| Where does chondrification initially appear? | In the cervical region.
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| What's the purpose of the primary ossif. centers | To protect the spinal cord
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| Where do primary ossif. centers begin and progress? | Begin in lower thoracic or upper lumbar and progress to cervical spine.
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| Which sections of the spine are last to show ossification? | sacral and coccygeal
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| How many primary ossif. centers do C3-C7 and thoracic have? | 5
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| How many secondary ossif. centers do C3-C7 and thoracic have? | 5
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| How many primary ossif. centers do lumbar vertebrae have? | 7
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| Where are the prim. ossif. centers of lumbar? | 1 in vert body, 1 in each arch, 1 in each mamillary process
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| How many prim. ossif. centers of atlas? | 2
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| How many second. ossif. centers of atlas? | 1
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| How many prim. ossif. centers of axis? | 7
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| How many sec. ossif. centers of axis? | 2
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| Where are the prim. ossif. centers of sacrum? | 1 in body of each segment; 1 in each vert arch of each segment; 2 on anterior part of each side of S1, S2, S3 only
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| Where are the sec. ossif. centers of sacrum? | 1 in each epiphyseal plate in each segment; 1 in each auricular surface.
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| How many prim. ossif. centers in coccyx? | ZERO
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| How many sec. ossif. centers in coccyx? | 1 in center of each segment
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| What is a hemivertebra? | A failure of 1 lateral half of vert. to develop or ossify with the opposite half.
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| What is a butterfly vertebra? | A malformation in posterior vertebral segments (mostly laminae)
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| In a buttefly vertebra, what happens to the ossif. centers? | Lateral ossif. centers fail to grow and unite ENOUGH
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| What is a block vertebra? | A failure of the formation of IVD resulting in fusion of adjacent vert. fusion during ossification.
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| What are 2 types of block vertebra? | Congenital & acquired/surgical
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| What's the appearance of congenital block vert. on x-ray? | Flat, smooth, peripheral surface in region of missing intersegmental disc.
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| What's the appearance of acquired/surgical block vert. on x-ray? | appears prominent and irregular at disc level.
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| What is spina bifida? | Failure of fusion of lamina of arch during embryonic period.
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| What % of population has spina bifida? | 10%
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| What are transitional vertebra? | Vertebra in 1 region of spine takes on appearance of vert they are approaching
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| What % of ppl have sacralization? | 5%
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| What is sacralization? | When L5 vert is partially or completed fused into sacrum
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| What is lumbarization? | When S1 does not fuse w/ sacrum. Feels like a 6th lumbar vertebra.
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| What is spondylosis? | General degeneration of spinal column.
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| What is spondylolysis? | A defect in interarticular part of vert.
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| Which segment of spine is spondylolysis usually seen ? | Lumbar
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| What is spondylolosthesis? | Slippage of vert. body on vert below.
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| Which segment of spine is spondylolosthesis usually seen? | Lumbar
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