Respiratory System
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| Respiratory epithelium consists of what? | Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
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| What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system? | Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
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| What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
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| Where are mucous and serous glands located in the resp. sys.? | lamina propria and submucosa
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| What are 5 respiratory epithelium cell types? | 1. Ciliated Columnar
2. Goblet cells (mucous of glycoproteins)
3. Brush cells (columnar w/ microvilli, afferent nerve endings, sensory receptors)
4. Basal cells (can differentiate)
5. Small granular cell (similar to basal cell, neuroendocrine cell)
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| In the vestibule of the nasal cavity what is the epithelial transition? | non-keratinized to respiratory epithelium before entering nasal fossae
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| What kind of glands are in the nasal vestibule? | sebaceous and sweat glands
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| What filters out large particles from inspired air in the nasal vestibule? | Thick short hairs (Vibrissae)
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| Describe the nasal fossae. | -2 cavernous chambers separated by nasal septum
-3 conchae each on lateral wall
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| What type of epithelium lines the roof and part of the superior conchae? | olfactory.
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| What are swell bodies? | venous plexuses that swell every 20-30min and limit air flow to that side, allowing epithelium to recover from desiccation
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| What kind of epithelium is in olfactory mucosa and what are 3 cell types found here? | -pseudostratified columnar epithelium
1. support cells (microvilli, light yellow)
2. Basal cells
3. Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons w/ long nonmotile cilia, afferent axons)
2.
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| What glands secrete a fluid layer that covers the olfactory mucosa surface? | Bowman's glands
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| What aids mucous drainage in sinuses? | ciliary action
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| What is the nasopharynx? | first part of the pharynx
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| What is the larynx? | connects pharynx to trachea
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| What cartilages of the larynx are hyaline? | larger cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, and most of the arytenoids
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| What cartilages of the larynx are elastic? | smaller cartilages: epiglottis, cuneiform, coniculate, and tips of arytenoids
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| What area of the larynx is NOT covered by respiratory epithelium? | lingual and apical epiglottis and true vocal cords (are stratified squamous)
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| What fibers make up the true vocal cords? | elastic bundles (vocal ligament)
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| What is the orientation of the trachea cartilages? | C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, ends joined by fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle that prevents overdistention and controls lumen size
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| Where does a primary bronchus enter a lung? | Hilum (arteries enter, veins and lymphatic vessels leave)
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| Bronchi are structurally similar to what? | trachea, however cartilages are more irregular
-complete rings in large bronchi
-isolated plates in small bronchi
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| How is the smooth muscle layer of bronchi arranged? | criss crossing, spiral more prominent near respiratory zone
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| Where are lymphatic nodules especially present in bronchi? | branch points, lymphocytes in lamina propria and epithelium
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| How does the epithelium transition from large bronchiole to terminal bronchiole? | pseudostratified ciliated columnar to simple ciliated columnar or cuboidal
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| What largely makes up a bronchiole? | smooth muscle and elastic fibers (no cartilage and no glands)
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| What are Clara cells and what is their function? | nonciliated, apical secretory granules
-prevent collapse and adherence of epithelium
-protect lining against oxidative pollutants and inflammation
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| What are neuroepithelial bodies and what is their function? | contain secretory granules and receive cholinergic nerve endings
-chemoreceptors react to changes in gas composition
-repair and renewal of epithelial cells after injury
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| What do terminal bronchioles divide into? | two or more respiratory bronchioles
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| What are respiratory bronchioles a transition between? | conduction and respiratory portions
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| What interrupts the walls of respiratory bronchioles? | saclike alveoli (lined by squamous cells)
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| What is formed when openings in respiratory bronchiole become numerous? | Alveolar duct (lined by squamous alveolar cells)
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| What is the only support for the duct and alveoli? | elastic and reticular fibers
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| What structure appears like knobs at the openings to alveoli? | smooth muscle
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| What to alveolar ducts open into? | atria
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| What do atria communicate with? | two or more alveolar sacs
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| What is the function of elastic fibers at the opening of atria, sacs, and alveoli? | -allows to expand w/ inspiration
-allows to contract passively w/ expiration
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| What is the function of reticular fibers at the openings of atria, sacs, and alveoli? | -prevent overdistention and damage to capillaries and alveolar septa
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| Where does gas exchange take place? | alveoli
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| What is an interalveolar septum? | separates alveoli
-contains pores that connect adjacent alveoli
-equalizes pressure and promotes collateral circulation
-2 thin squamous cell layers between which capillaries, elastic and reticular fibers, connective tissue, and cells are located (fo
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| What 3 structures separate the alveolar air from capillary blood? | 1. alveolar lining cell
2. fused basal laminae of alveolar cell and endothelial cell
3. endothelial cell
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| What enzyme catalyzes liberation of CO2 to H2CO3 in red blood cells | Carbonic anhydrase
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| How are the nuclei and organelles of alveolar cells arranged and why? | clustered to make rest of cell thin to increase efficiency of gas exchange
flattened part has many pinocytotic vesicles
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| What are type 1 alveolar cells? | -squamous lining cells
-97%
-very thin cells
-pinocytotic vescicles turnover surfactant and remove particulate contaminants
-Occluding junctions
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| What are type 2 alveolar cells? | -rounded
-occluding junctions w/ type 1 cells
-same origin as type 1 cells but divide to replace both type 1 and 2 cells
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| What are lamellar bodies and where are they located? | located in cytoplasm of type 2 alveolar cells (foamy cytoplasm)
-contain phospholipids, glycosaminogylcans, and proteins
--PULMONARY SURFACTANT--
-continuously synthesized and released at apical cell surface
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| What is the function of surfactant? | reduces alveolar surface tension
prevents collapse
deficiency causes respiratory distress in newborns (begin to make during last weeks of gestation)
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| What are dust cells? | Alveolar macrophages.
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| Where are dust cells found? | interior interalveolar septum
surface of alveolus
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| What do connective tissue macrophages contain? | debris passed from alveolar lumen to intersitium by pinocytosis of type 1 cells
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