| Question |
 |
|
| Answer |
|
|
| Respiratory epithelium consists of what? |
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
| What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system? |
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles |
| What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? |
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
| Where are mucous and serous glands located in the resp. sys.? |
lamina propria and submucosa |
| What are 5 respiratory epithelium cell types? |
1. Ciliated Columnar
2. Goblet cells (mucous of glycoproteins)
3. Brush cells (columnar w/ microvilli, afferent nerve endings, sensory receptors)
4. Basal cells (can differentiate)
5. Small granular cell (similar to basal cell, neuroendocrine cell)
|
| In the vestibule of the nasal cavity what is the epithelial transition? |
non-keratinized to respiratory epithelium before entering nasal fossae |
| What kind of glands are in the nasal vestibule? |
sebaceous and sweat glands |
| What filters out large particles from inspired air in the nasal vestibule? |
Thick short hairs (Vibrissae) |
| Describe the nasal fossae. |
-2 cavernous chambers separated by nasal septum
-3 conchae each on lateral wall
|
| What type of epithelium lines the roof and part of the superior conchae? |
olfactory. |
| What are swell bodies? |
venous plexuses that swell every 20-30min and limit air flow to that side, allowing epithelium to recover from desiccation |
| What kind of epithelium is in olfactory mucosa and what are 3 cell types found here? |
-pseudostratified columnar epithelium
1. support cells (microvilli, light yellow)
2. Basal cells
3. Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons w/ long nonmotile cilia, afferent axons)
2. |
| What glands secrete a fluid layer that covers the olfactory mucosa surface? |
Bowman's glands |
| What aids mucous drainage in sinuses? |
ciliary action |
| What is the nasopharynx? |
first part of the pharynx |
| What is the larynx? |
connects pharynx to trachea |
| What cartilages of the larynx are hyaline? |
larger cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, and most of the arytenoids |
| What cartilages of the larynx are elastic? |
smaller cartilages: epiglottis, cuneiform, coniculate, and tips of arytenoids |
| What area of the larynx is NOT covered by respiratory epithelium? |
lingual and apical epiglottis and true vocal cords (are stratified squamous) |
| What fibers make up the true vocal cords? |
elastic bundles (vocal ligament) |
| What is the orientation of the trachea cartilages? |
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, ends joined by fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle that prevents overdistention and controls lumen size |
| Where does a primary bronchus enter a lung? |
Hilum (arteries enter, veins and lymphatic vessels leave) |
| Bronchi are structurally similar to what? |
trachea, however cartilages are more irregular
-complete rings in large bronchi
-isolated plates in small bronchi |
| How is the smooth muscle layer of bronchi arranged? |
criss crossing, spiral more prominent near respiratory zone |
| Where are lymphatic nodules especially present in bronchi? |
branch points, lymphocytes in lamina propria and epithelium |
| How does the epithelium transition from large bronchiole to terminal bronchiole? |
pseudostratified ciliated columnar to simple ciliated columnar or cuboidal |
| What largely makes up a bronchiole? |
smooth muscle and elastic fibers (no cartilage and no glands) |
| What are Clara cells and what is their function? |
nonciliated, apical secretory granules
-prevent collapse and adherence of epithelium
-protect lining against oxidative pollutants and inflammation |
| What are neuroepithelial bodies and what is their function? |
contain secretory granules and receive cholinergic nerve endings
-chemoreceptors react to changes in gas composition
-repair and renewal of epithelial cells after injury |
| What do terminal bronchioles divide into? |
two or more respiratory bronchioles |
| What are respiratory bronchioles a transition between? |
conduction and respiratory portions |
| What interrupts the walls of respiratory bronchioles? |
saclike alveoli (lined by squamous cells) |
| What is formed when openings in respiratory bronchiole become numerous? |
Alveolar duct (lined by squamous alveolar cells) |
| What is the only support for the duct and alveoli? |
elastic and reticular fibers |
| What structure appears like knobs at the openings to alveoli? |
smooth muscle |
| What to alveolar ducts open into? |
atria |
| What do atria communicate with? |
two or more alveolar sacs |
| What is the function of elastic fibers at the opening of atria, sacs, and alveoli? |
-allows to expand w/ inspiration
-allows to contract passively w/ expiration |
| What is the function of reticular fibers at the openings of atria, sacs, and alveoli? |
-prevent overdistention and damage to capillaries and alveolar septa |
| Where does gas exchange take place? |
alveoli |
| What is an interalveolar septum? |
separates alveoli
-contains pores that connect adjacent alveoli
-equalizes pressure and promotes collateral circulation
-2 thin squamous cell layers between which capillaries, elastic and reticular fibers, connective tissue, and cells are located (fo |
| What 3 structures separate the alveolar air from capillary blood? |
1. alveolar lining cell
2. fused basal laminae of alveolar cell and endothelial cell
3. endothelial cell |
| What enzyme catalyzes liberation of CO2 to H2CO3 in red blood cells
|
Carbonic anhydrase |
| How are the nuclei and organelles of alveolar cells arranged and why? |
clustered to make rest of cell thin to increase efficiency of gas exchange
flattened part has many pinocytotic vesicles |
| What are type 1 alveolar cells? |
-squamous lining cells
-97%
-very thin cells
-pinocytotic vescicles turnover surfactant and remove particulate contaminants
-Occluding junctions |
| What are type 2 alveolar cells? |
-rounded
-occluding junctions w/ type 1 cells
-same origin as type 1 cells but divide to replace both type 1 and 2 cells |
| What are lamellar bodies and where are they located? |
located in cytoplasm of type 2 alveolar cells (foamy cytoplasm)
-contain phospholipids, glycosaminogylcans, and proteins
--PULMONARY SURFACTANT--
-continuously synthesized and released at apical cell surface |
| What is the function of surfactant? |
reduces alveolar surface tension
prevents collapse
deficiency causes respiratory distress in newborns (begin to make during last weeks of gestation) |
| What are dust cells? |
Alveolar macrophages.
|
| Where are dust cells found? |
interior interalveolar septum
surface of alveolus |
| What do connective tissue macrophages contain? |
debris passed from alveolar lumen to intersitium by pinocytosis of type 1 cells |
Poultry
