Respiratory System Development
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| The respiratory diverticulum appears as an outgrowth of the what? | Ventral wall of the foregut
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| Location of the respiratory system is determined by the transcription factor...? | TBX4 (expressed in the endoderm of the gut tube)
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| TBX4 induces what? | Formation of the bud and continued growth and differentiation of the lungs.
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| Epithelium of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the rest of the lungs is entirely of what origin? | Endodermal
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| The cartilaginous, muscular and connective tissue components of the trachea and lungs are derived from what? | Splanchnic mesoderm
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| Cartilages and and muscles of the larynx originate from the mesenchyme of what? | 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches
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| 4th arch derivatives of the larynx is innervated by what? | Superior laryngeal nerve
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| Derivatives of the 6th arch of the larynx is innervated by what? | Recurrent laryngeal nerve
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| Splanchnic mesoderm covering the body wall becomes the what? | parietal pleura
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| Mesoderm covering the outside of the lung develops into the what? | visceral pleura
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| Respiration becomes possible when? | Bronchiole-lining cells become flat and associate with blood capillaries.
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| Mature alveoli are not present when? | Before birth
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| Surfactant is produced by what? | Type II alveolar epithelial cells
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| Aspiration of amniotic fluid does what 2 things? | Stimulates lung development and conditions breathing muscles.
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| Abnormalities in the partitioning of the esophagus and the trachea by the tracheoesophogeal septum is associated with what defects? | Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistulas
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| Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistulas are associated with what other complications? | VACTERL
vertebral abnormalities, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistulas,
esophageal atresia, renal anomalies
limb defects
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| Gastric contents that enter the trachea and lungs can cause what 2 problems? | Pneumonitis and pneumonia
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