CV 4
Help!
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| what does the P wave on EKG represent? | atrial depolarization
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| what does the PR segment on EKG represent? how long is it normally? | conduction delay through AV node - normally <200 msec
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| what does the QRS complex represent? how long is it normally? | ventricular depolarization (<120 msec)
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| what does the QT interval represent? | mechanical contraction of the ventricles
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| what does the T wave represent? | ventricular repolarization
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| why don't you see atrial repolarization on EKG? | it is masked by the QRS complex
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| what causes a U wave? | hypokalemia
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| delta wave on EKG is characteristc of what? | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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| in this syndrome, there is an accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle (bundle of Kent), bypassing the AV node | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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| this syndrome may result in reentry current leading to supraventricular tachycardia | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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| what is the hallmark of a transmural MI? | pathologic Q wave
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| increased capillary pressure is seen in what? | heart failure
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| decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure is seen in what? | nephrotic syndrome, lver failure
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| increased capillary permeability is seen in what? | toxins, infections, burns
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| increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure is seen in what? | lymphatic blockage
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| three causes of early cyanosis | tetralogy of fallot, transposition of the great vessels, trucus arteriosis
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| three causes of late cyanosis | VSD, ASD, PDA
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| what is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality? | VSD
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| what causes Tetralogy of Fallot? | anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
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| aortic stenosis proximal to insertion of ductus arteriosus? | preductal - infantile type
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| aortic stenosis distal to ductus arteriosus? | postductal - adult type
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| notching of ribs, hypertension in upper extremities, weak pulses in lower extremities? | coarctation of aorta
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| 22q11 syndromes are asscociated with what cardiac defects? | truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot
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| what cardiac defects is Down syndrome associated with? | ASD, VSD
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| what cardiac defects is congenital rubella associated with? | septal defects, PDA
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| what cardiac defects are associated with offspring of diabetic mothers? | transposition of great vessels
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| Marfan's is associated with what congenital cardiac defect? | aortic insufficiency
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| lipid deposit in cornea | corneal arcus
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| what characterizes Monckeberg arteriosclerosis? | calcification of arteries, especially radial or unlar; usually benign (involves media - ring-like calcifications; 'pipestem')
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| arteriosclerosis in essential hypertension? | hyaline thickening of small arteries
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| arteriosclerosis in malignant hypertension? | hyperplastic 'onion skinning'
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| fibrous plaques and atheromas form in what part of arteries in atherosclerosis? | intima
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| risk factors for atherosclerosis? | smoking, hypertension, DM, hperlipidemia, family Hx
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| progression of atherosclerosis? | fatty streaks - proliferative plaque - complex atheromas
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| complications of atherosclerosis? | aneurysms, ischemia, infarcts, peripheral vascular resistance, thrombus, emboli
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| location of atherosclerosis? | abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
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| angina occurs with coronary artery disease narrowing greater than whta? | 75%
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| retrosternal chest pain with exertion - what type of angina? | stable
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| angina that occurs at rest secondary to coronary artery spasm? | Prinzmetal's variant
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| thrombosis but no necrosis/worsening chest pain - what type of angina? | unstable/crescendo
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| where do red infarcts occur? | in loose tissues with collaterals, such as lungs, intestine, or following reperfusion
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| where do pale infarcts occur? | solid tissues with single blood supply - brain, heart, kidney, spleen
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| child with harsh systolic murmur, no diastolic murmur, and increased oxygen saturation in the RV? | VSD
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