Airway

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patent (airway)

open or unblocked, functioning all the way to the cellular level including pulmonary, blood flow & neuro stimulation

mucous membrane

thin layer connective tissue lining many body cavities air passes thru, has small mucus secretin glands, 100% humidified & sterile, warmed, lubricates & protects

nasal cavity

has 3 bones: superior, middle & inferior conchae or turbinates on lateral walls

gag reflex

retching or striving to vomit, reflex triggered by touching back of soft palate or throat

cough

glottic opening closes tightly to trap air in lungs, abd. & thoracic muscles contract pushing gainst diaphragm & inc. pressure in tracheobronchial tree, vocal cords suddenly open & force air & foreign particles out

epiglottis

leaf shaped, flexible cartilage, hangs over larynx, connected to hyoid bone, prevents food & liquid from entering larynx, important landmark for ET tube

Hyoid bone

only bone in body not attached to rest of skeleton, connected to epiglottis

vallecula

depression or pocket formed by base of the bongue & epiglottis

larynx

triangle shaped, connects pharynx(at epiglottis) 2 trachea(lower border of cricoid cartilage), inferior hyoid bone, anterior esophagus, made of thyroid & cricoid cartilage, vocal cords & arytenoid folds

thyroid cartilage/"Adam's Apple"

main laryngeal cartilage, consists of 2 large shield shaped pieces, form anterior wall & give it's V shape, posterior wall open & is muscle

cricothyroid membrane

situated between top of cricoid & bottom of thyroid cartilage in larynx, site for surgical & advanced airway placement

cricoid cartilage

below thyroid cartilage, attached to 1st ring of tracheal cartilage, only complete ring with posterior bulky part, narrowest part in children

sellick maneuver

putting pressure on cricoid cartilage to occlude esophagus & prevent regurgitation

arytenoid cartilages

2 pyramid shaped, attached to vocal folds & pharyngeal wall, open & close vocal cords, landmark for ET tube

glottis

slitlike opening between vocal cords leading into trachea, in adult narrowest part

false vocal cords/vestibular folds

superior pair, elastic connective tissue covered by mucous membrane, cords come 2gether & stop air from leaving lungs(holding breath)& prevent foreign objects from entering airway

true vocal cords

inferior pair, cordlike, vibrate & produce sound as expired air passes over, lenth & tension determine pitch

vagus nerve

richly lines larynx, stimulation of pharyngeal & laryngeal mucous membranes can cause bradycardia, hypotension & decreased respiratory rate, sends signals to medullla oblongata & pons in brain to control breathing

carina

point at which bronchi seperate

serous membrane/pleura

2 layer epithelial membrane that lines body cavities & covers surfaces of organs, form sac & includes 2 layers

apex

top of lungs

base

bottom of lungs

hilum

slits in ea lung where bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels & nerves are firmly anchored in meshwork of dense connective tissue in2 lung, form "root of the lung", only spot where lungs are anchored

visceral pleura

membrane closely covering the lungs

parietal pleura

lines inner surface of chest wall, diaphragm & mediastinum

pleural space

seperates parietal & visceral pleura in lungs, contains just a few drops of pleural fluid to prevent friction as lung tissue expands & contracts

external respiration

involves exchange of gases between circulating blood & air & is carried on by expansion & contraction of lungs

internal respiration

involves exchange of dissolved gases between circulating blood & interstitial fluids in peripheral tissues

cellular respiration

use of O2 by cells in the process of metabolism

atmospheric pressure

760 mmHg

diaphragm

largest, wide muscule separating thoracic/chest cavity from abdominal cavity, slants upward anteriorly & dome shaped when relaxed, contracts downward

ventilation

process of moving air in & out of lungs, includes inspiration & expiration

process of breathing

initiated by respiratory center in medulla oblongata & pons in brain, respond to increased levels of CO2 in blood

minute volume

volume of air exchanged in 1 min, about 6000mL - 16,000mL average, necessary to remove CO2 & bring in sufficient supplies of O2

tidal volume

air inhaled & exhaled in single respiration, 500mL - 800mL, 12-20x per min

dead air space

air remaining in trachea & bronchi unavailabe for gas exchange, about 150 mL

physiological dead space

development of additional dead space from diseases such as COPD or atelectasis

total lung capacity

about 6L in average adult male,

vital capacity

amt of air in biggest breath you can take in & out

PO2 or PCO2

abbreviation for partial pressure of O2 or carbon dioxide

FiO2

abbreviation for concentraion of O2 in inspired air

medulla oblongata & pons

in brainstem, control rate & depth of breathing, connected to respiratory muscles by vagus nerve, pons 2ndary control center if medulla fails, also controls expiration

hypoxia

increased respirations, insufficient oxygenation of the cells

hiccup

sudden inspiration caused by spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm & intermittent spastic closure of glottis

sighing

incoluntary slow deep breath followed by prolonged expiration, hyperinflates the lungs & opens atelectatic alveoli, normally about once per min

cheyne-stokes breathing

regular pattern of gradually incerasing rate & tidal volume followed by gradual decrease & then short period of apnea, associated with brainstem insult

kussmaul breathing

deep gasping respirations, common in diabetic coma

biot's respirations

group of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea, seen with increased intracranial pressure

central neurogenic hyperventilation

pattern of deep rapid respirations similar to kussmaul breathing, also indicative of increased intracranial pressure

agonal breathing

pattern of slow shallow irregular respirations, results from brain anoxia

pulsus paradoxus

systolic B/P decreases more than 10mmHg during inspiration, seen in COPD, severe asthma, cardiac tamponade, pericardial effusion, CHF, AMI & tension pneumothorax

hypoxemia

insufficient oxygenation of the blood

anoxia

insufficiant oxygenation of the tissue

pulse deficit

peripheral pulse is @ different rate than the ventricle is contracting, poor peripheral profusion

ARDS

adult/acute respiratory distress syndrome, non-cardiac w/ cardiac signs, pulmonary edema, trauma, contusion, spasm, sepsis

respirations

exchange of gases between the body cells & the atmosphere

dysphonia

difficulty speaking