second stak
Help!
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sensory is | afferent
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| motor is | efferent
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| both lmn have the same | pathway. cord to skeletal muscle
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| separates motor and sensory areas | central sulcus
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| separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres | longitudinal cerebral fissure
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| partitions of dura mater comprised of what 3 things | falx Cerebri, falx cerebelli, falx tentorium cerebelli
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| ? separates the cerebral hemispheres | falx cerebri
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| ? separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres | falx cerebelli
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| ? separates the cerebral cortex above and the cerebellum below | tentorium cerebelli
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| basement membrane also called | neurolemma/or endoneurium. found only in pns
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| connective tissue cells of the nervous system, don't conduct impulses, nervous system matures due to an increase in these cells. most numerous in the nervous system | neurolglial cells
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| 3 diff neuroglial cells in cns | oligodendroglia, astocytes, microglia
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| smaller fewere, some are around axon, some in rows, between nerve fibers to hold fibers together | oligodendroglia
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| produce multiple myelin segments (covers nerve fibers in brain and cord) | oligodendroglia
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| ? disease of oligoden | multiple sclerosis
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| largest form sheath around brain capillaries; involved with brain barrier; allow nutrients in, waste out; produce scar tissue where CNS tissue removed | astrocytes
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| small stationary cells, brain inflamed, phago microbes and cell debris | microglia
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| form epithelial lining for fluid-filled ventricles of brain for central canal of cord | ependymal cells
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| around cell bodies in the PNS, in ganglia so supportive and physical barrier function | satellite cells
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| ? found only in nerves of body (PNS), form basement membrane and myelin sheath, can regenerate because of 2nd covering | Schwann cells
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| ? controls motor | frontal
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| ? controls sensory | parietal
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| ? controls hearing | temporal
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| ? controls vision | occipital
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| ? controls emotions and memory | limbic
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| ? controls somatic and visceral function | insula
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| dorsal = | posterior
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| ventral = | anterior
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| input to cord is by incoming sensory in the... | posterior root of spinal nerve
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| the sensory cell body is located in the ? | posterior root ganglia = swelling near cord
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| afferent synapse occurs in the ? | posterior horn of the gray matter
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| ? these neurons synapse with incoming and outgoing neurons | interneurons
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| out put from the ant horn of the gray matter is by the | motor or efferent neurons out the ant root of the spinal nerve
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| consists of tracts or columns (asced/desced) | white matter
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| conduct pain temp, crude touch, tickle, itch and sex sens to thalamus | lat spinothalamic tracts
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| conduct pain temp, crude touch, tickle, itch and sex sens from cord to thalamus | ant spinothalamic tracts
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| post columns for discriminating touch, and proprioception | fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus
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| sensory component of the muscular system, sense of movement and body parts | proprioception
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| for unconscious kinesthesia | spinocerebellar tracts
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| impulses down the cord from the brain are | motor
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| axons from cell bodies in the cerebral cortex to the cord, for precise discrete, voluntary movement on the opposite side of body | lateral corticospinal tracts
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| lateral corticospinal tracts cross in the | medulla pyramids
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| ant corticospinal tracts | axons from cell bodies in the cerebral cortex to the cord, for precise discrete, voluntary movement on the opposite side of body
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| ant corticospinal tracts cross in | the cord
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| lat reticulspinal tracts | facilitatory impulses to ant gray horn motoneurons to skeletal muscles
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| medial reticulspinal tracts | inhibitory impulses to ant gray horn motoneurons to skeletal muscles
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| surround the cord | meninges
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| collagenous conn tissue, stong durable | dura matter
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| true epidural space around the dura of the | spinal cord, not the brain, dura attaches to bone
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| arachnoid membrane | encloses the subarachnoid space
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| subarachnoid space is filled with | csf
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| covers organs of the cns and extends beyond the cord to anchor it, carries blood vessels into the brain and cord, inner most | pia mater
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| denticulate ligaments ? | thickening of Pia that fuses with arachnoid + dura mater that projects laterally b/n spinal nerve roots and protects against shock and sudden displacement
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| ? where cord ends | at lumbar 2 vertebrae
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| spinal nerve C8 merges ? | between C7 and T1
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| how is CSF formed? | by the filtration of blood in the choroid plexuses
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| choroid plexuses? | network of capillaries from the Pia Mater into the ventricles
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| how does CSF travel? | from lateral ventricles to the the interventricular foramen into 3rd ventricles into Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius into 4th ventricle, then into central canal of the cord and subarachnoid spaces
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| how is CSF absorbed? | absorbed back into the blood thru the Arachnoid Villi (granulations) into venous sinuses
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| what is the purpose of CSF? | functions as a protective cushion
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| Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid = | excitatory NT
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| GABA and Glycine = | inhibitory NT
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| Norepinephrine = | monoamine for arousal
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| dopamine = | monoamine for movement and emotions
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| Enkephalins and Endorphins = | body opiates that inhibit pain
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| Substance P = | body opiate that controls pain in the cord
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| most common NT = | Acetylcholine (ACh)
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| where are NTs synthesized? | axon terminals by enzymes
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| NTs are stored in... | axon terminals
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| ? cerebellum receives a lot of input from... | vestibular system (inner ear). Also propeoceptors, cortex, and reticular system
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| Cerebullum functions: | coordinates and controls smooth muscle movement and postural and equilibrium reflexes
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| Damage of cerebellum causes: | ataxia, rebound, dysmetria, intention tremors, gait problems
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| ataxia is... | muscle incoordination
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| rebound is... | loss of antagonistic muscle coordination
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| dysmetria is... | improper distance measuring
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| intention tremors are... | when voluntary movement is attempted
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| Diencephalon is located ? | between the Cerebrum and Midbrain
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| Diencephalon is comprised of ? | the Thalaums and Hypothalamus
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| Thalamus is ? | large, rounded mass of gray matter lateral to 3rd ventricle, 1 in each hemisphere.
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| Function of Thalamus is ? (4 of them) | major sensory relay center= recognizes pain, heat, cold, touch, and pressure; involved in expressing emotions associated with sensations; partly involved in arousal and alerting mechanisms and complex reflex movement.
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| Function of Hypothalamus is ? (8 of them) | regulates and coordinates the ANS, regulates pituitary's function, regulates temp, regulates water balance by checking blood's osmotic pressure, controls food intake, regulates gastric secretions, emotional expression of rage, anger, and sexual behavior,
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| Structure of Hypothalamus: | includes gray matter around the optic chiasm, pituitary stalk, posterior lobe of the pituitary, mamillary bodies, and adjacent regions.
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| CN1 | olfactory; smell; sensory
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| CN2 | optic; sight; sensory
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| CN3 | oculomotor; eye movement and focusing; motor
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| CN4 | trochlear; eye movement and focusing; motor
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| CN5 | trigeminal; sensory for head and neck, face and chewing; sensory and motor
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| CN6 | abducens; eye movement and focusing; motor
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| CN7 | facial; taste (ant. 2/3 of tongue) and face muscles and glands; sensory and motor
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| CN8 | acoustic/vestibular cochlear; hearing and posture, balance; sensory
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| CN9 | glossopharyngeal; swallowing and taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue); motor and sensory
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| CN10 | vagus; important in ANS, sensory, and motor to all thoracic and abdominal viscera; sensory and motor
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| CN11 | accessory; swallowing and head movement; motor
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| CN12 | hypoglossal; swallowing and speech; motor
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| Reticular Activating System comprised of... | Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdaloid Nuclei
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| Function of Reticular Activating System? | Center for arousal/alerting, associated w/ levels of consciousness; all sensory systems have some input; anesthetics act by lowering levels of consciousness.
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| speech area? | Broca
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| damage in Broca causes? | aphasia
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| Aphasia is? | inability to speak or write (but Broca aphasia able to understand)
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| Auditory area? | Wernicke's
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| damage in Wernicke's causes? | inability to speak or write, no comprehension
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| ? PNS supportive cells | satellite cell, Schwann cell, connective tissue
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| CNS involves what 2 areas? | brain and spinal cord
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| PNS involves what 2 areas? | ganglia and nerves
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| functional cell ofboth CNS and PNS? | neuron
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| supportive cells of CNS? | astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglial (neuroglia)
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| cell bodies of CNS? | nucleus
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| cell bodies of PNS? | ganglion
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| bundles of axons in CNS? | tracts
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| bundles of axons in PNS? | nerves
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| Epineurium? | around the entire nerve (PNS only)
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| Perineurium? | around the fasciculus (bundle of neurons); PNS only
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| Endoneurium? | around one neuron (also called basement membrane and neurolemma); PNS only
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| ? most numerous cell of nervous system | neuroglial
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| ? CNS supportive cells | neuroglial cells
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| ? microglia | doesn't exist normally in the brain; derived from mesoderm, a phagocyte, it only appears when there is a lesion in the nervous system
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| the CNS cannot regenerate because... | no basement membrane
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| ? neural tube becomes | CNS
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| ? neural crest becomes | PNS
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| maturation of the cerebral cortex in child development is due to... | an increase of glial cells
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| plasticity is... | the ability to develop new synapses and new circuits as part of the learning process
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| Myelination is not fully developed as an infant, therefore... | walking and developing motor skills take time
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| ? there is no connective tissue in | CNS
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| ? connects the cerebral cortex to the brain stem | internal capsule (strokes occur here)
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| if frontal lobe is destroyed... | total paralysis on opposite side of body
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| all conscious function is in the... | cortex
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| the Central Sulcus divides the... | Precentral gyrus (anterior;motor) and Postcentral gyrus (posterior, area for all sensations of the body); divides the frontal from the parietal lobes, motor vs. sensory areas
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| ? the brain is ___ to pain | insensitive
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| ___ is sensitive to pain | dura
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| CSF travel: | lateral- 3rd- cerebral aqueduct- 4th- subarachnoid space
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| Conus Medullaris | "V" tip of the cord
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| Cauda Equina | "tail" of nerves that extend past the cord
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| Filum Terminale | Pia anchors cord to the posterior side of coccyx
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| Coccygeal Ligament | Filum Terminale anchors to this
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| Muscle spindles | located in the muscle for reflexes (stretch) and also tells movement and speed
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| Joint capsule receptors | tells the position of the joints
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| bare (free) nerve endings | receptors for pain that respond to tissue damage
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| Dorsal root ganglion | cell bodies of sensory (afferent) neurons
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| trigeminal ganglion | cell bodies associated with sensory info for the head and neck
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| substantia gelantinosa | pain control for spinal pathways; gelatin substance in the posterior horn of the cord; processing center
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| subnucleus caudalis | pain control for cranial pathways
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| medial lemniscus | projection tract for the 2nd neuron for discriminating touch and proprioception; travels from medulla to thalamus
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| majority are these? in CNS everywhere? in PNS in autonomic ganglia? | mulipolar neuron
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| ? functions for large automatic movement of skeletal muscle and muscle tone | extrapyramidal system
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| descending motor tracts... | Rubrospinal, Tectospinal, Vestibulospinal
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| Contralateral functions... | opposite sides
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| Sequential movements | as in writing
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| Substantia Nigra... | subconscious muscle activity
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| Striatum... | caudate and putamen
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| Parasympathetic | craniosacral division; functioning under "normal" conditions
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| CN ganglia... | cranial nerves 3,7,9, 10
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| Sympathetic | thoracolumbar division (T1 to L3); "flight or flight" division; major function; vasoconstriction
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| Chain and other ganglia... | sympathetic chain ganglion runs parallel to spinal cord
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| Pilomotor... | there is a muscle going to the hair making it stand on end
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| Secretory... | glands
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| Vasomotor... | blood vessels
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| Satellite cell? | blood brain barrier; phsycial metabolic nutrients in, waste out
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| Schwann cell? | produces myelin and basement membrane; neurolemma and phagocytic degenerated axons
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| ? 3 groups of collagen fibers | epi-, peri-, endoneurium
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| ? each fascicle surrounded by thicker collagen called | perineurium
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| surrounding axon? | myelin sheath
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| surrounding myelin sheath? | basement membrane
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| innermost connective tissue? | basement membrane
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| basement membrane secreted by? | Schwann cell
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| ? peri- and endoneurium are ______ for stretch | wavy
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| ? enlargement along the length of a tube (also contains NTs) | varicosity
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| ? phagocytes | microglia
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| ? forms multiple myelin segments | oligodendrocytes
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| brain grows faster than... | cranial vault (folds over itself)
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| ? bundles of axons | nerves
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| ? group of cell bodies | ganglia
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| 2 areas of the spine that are enlarged... | cervical and lumbar
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| fiber bundles under... | gray matter
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| ? subcortical matter | white matter
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| ? mostly involved in strokes | middle cerebral
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| ? drains the face, so infections can drain to meninges | cavernous sinus
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| associated w/ pain control in the spine: | substantia gelatinosa
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| associated with pain control in the cranial nerve: | subnucleus caudalis
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| Vestibular input? | from the semicircular canals in the ear for equilibrium
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| Proprioceptors input? | from the sensory component in muscles
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| Upper motor neuron damage causes... | spastic paralysis and increased reflexes
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| Lower motor neuron damage causes... | flaccid paralysis and decreased reflexes
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| Extrapyramidal (basal ganglia) damage causes... | tremor at rest (Parkinson's) and involuntary movements (Chorea)
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| Cerebellum damage includes... | ataxia (failure of muscle coordination), rebound (loss of antagonist muscle coordination), dysmetria (improper distance measuring), intention tremor (arises or intensifies when a voluntary coordinated movement is attempted)
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| ANS regulates... | visceral effectors (smooth and cardiac muscle, glands) to maintain or restore homeostasis
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| ANS is influenced by impulses from... | frontal lobe and limbic system
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| what releases ACh? | pre and post-ganglionic parasympathetic and pre-ganglionic sympathetic
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| what releases NE? | post-ganglionic sympathetic
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| main function of sympathetic division? | vasoconstriction
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| parasympathetic functions: | dominates control of most visceral effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)
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| ? under normal conditions | parasympathetic
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| ? under fight or flight | sympathetic
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| parasympathetic is associated with 4 CNs... | 3, 7, 9, 10
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| sympathetic division or | thoracolumbar division, output travels with spinal verves t1 to l3
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| somatic nervous system | supplies skin and skeletal muscles
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| has 1 neuron between cns and the effector | somatic nervous system
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| has 2 neurons between cns and the effector | ans
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| ans supplies | effector, glands,cardiac,smooth muscles/ no skeletal muscle control
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| upper motor neuron involves | pyramidal neuron/cerebral cortex
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| lower motor neuron involves | brainstem and spinal cord
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| what are the 3 tracts assoc. with direct pthwy | lat corticospinal, ant corticospinal, corticobulbar
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| corticobulbar terminates in the nuclei of cn | 3,4,,5,6,7,9-12
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| extrapyramidal system or ?, involved with | basal ganglia, cortical assoc with sequential movement and automatic movement, walking, laughing and muscle tone/indirect
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| the umn begins in the | nuclei of brain stem
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| corticospinal tract is completely | contralateral to the opposite trunk and limbs
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| pyramidal involved in | direct pthwy for precise voluntary mvmnt
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| equilibrium sensing | vestibular organs
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| proprioceptors | information of what is happening in joints and muscles (spinocerebellar tracts)
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| info on what movmnts are planned | cerebral cortex
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| saying for cn | on old olympus towering tops a fin and german viewed awesome hops
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| sensory/motor saying | some say marry for money but my brother says big boobs matter more
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| ipsilateral | cerebellar
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| contralateral | is cortex
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| conducts impulses to cord or brain | afferent,sensory
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| conducts impulses away from cord/brain | efferent/motor
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| receptor | end of sensory nerve
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| effector | skeletal muscle
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| where are most synapses | axodendritic
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| bipolar | 1 axon, 1 dendrite, associated with special senses=vision hearing, smell vestibular/balance
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| multipolar | 1 axon, several dendrites (most numerous)
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| unipolar | 1 process comes off neuron, divides into axon, 1 dendrite always sensory, in pns (ex. cell bodies are in the dorsal (posterior)root ganglion of the spinal nerves)
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| ascending is | sensory
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| descending is | motor
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| parts of reflex | 2 styles: sensory and motor
or sensory to interneuron to motor
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| internal carotid artery joins | the circle of willis
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| basilar artery | joins the circle of willis
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| circle of willis | located at the base of the brain (inferior aspect)
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| travel in the cervical vertebrae's transverse foramen and then together form the basilar artery at the base of the brain | vertebral arteries
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| dermatome | area innervated by specific nerve,
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| white matter consists of | myelinated fibers (high in fat)
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| gray matter is a cluster of | cell bodies
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| brain stem is | from the cord up/medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
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|
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