PFT_Terms_Chapter04
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aerobic | needing oxygen to survive
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aminoglycoside | a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits; commonly used to treat serious infections
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anaerobic | capable of surviving in the absence of oxygen
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antibiotic | a chemical substance with the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacteria life processes
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antiseptic | a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the outside of the body
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arrthythmia | variation in heartbeat, irregular heartbeat
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bacteria | small, single-celled microorganisms that exist in three main forms: spherical (i.e., cocci), rod shaped (i.e., bacilli), and spiral (i.e., spirilla)
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bactericidal agent | a drug that kills bacteria
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bacteriostatic agent | a drug that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria
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broad-spectrum antibiotic | an antibiotic that is effective against multiple organisms
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cephalosporin | a class of antibiotics with a mechanism of action similar to that of penicillins, but with a different antibacterial spectrum, resistance to beta-lactamase, and pharmacokinetics; divided into first-, second-, third-, and fourth-generation agents
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chelation | combination of an organic molecule such as a drug with a metal in complexes in which the metal ion is part of a ring
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community-acquired | contracted outside of the hospital
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cyclic lipopeptide | a new class of antibiotics that bind to bacterial membranes and cause the cell membrane to depolarize, thus leading to an inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis
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disinfectant | an agent that frees inanimate objects from infection
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D5W | dextrose 5% in water
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empirical treatment | treatment begun before a definite diagnosis can be obtained
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Gram staining | a staining technique that divides bacteria into gram-positive (purple) or gram-negative (red) based on the properties of their cell walls
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hypotension | low blood pressure
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infection | a condition in which bacteria grow in body tissues and cause tissue damage to the host either by their presence or by toxins they produce
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ketolide | a class of antibiotics that block protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits and may also inhibit the formation of new ribosomes; used primarily to treat bacterial infections in the lungs and sinuses
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macrolide | a class of bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by combining with ribosomes; used primarily to treat pulmonary infections caused by Legionella and gram-positive organisms
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nephrotoxicity | ability to damage the kidneys
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nosocomial | acquired by patients in the hospital
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NS | normal saline
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ophthalmic | to be used in the eye
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otic | to be used in the ear
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ototoxicity | ability to damage the organs of hearing
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penicillin | a class of antibiotics obtained from Penicillium chrysogenum; kill bacteria by preventing them from forming a rigid cell wall, thereby allowing an excessive amount of water to enter through osmosis and cause lysis of the bacterium cell
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pH | a measurement of acidity or alkalinity. pH 7 is neutral; a solution with a pH above 7 is alkaline; a solution with a pH below 7 is acidic
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quinolone | a class of antibiotics with rapid bactericidal action against most gram-negative and many gram-positive bacteria; work by causing DNA breakage and cell death; cross the blood-brain barrier
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sepsis | a systemic inflammatory response to infection resulting from blood-borne infections
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Stevens-Johnson syndrome | a sometimes fatal form of erythema multiforme (an allergic reaction marked by red blotches on the skin)
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streptogramin | one of a class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis within the bacterial ribosomes; useful in the treatment of vancomycin- and methicillin-resistant infections
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sulfonamides | sulfa drugs; a class of bacteriostatic antibiotics that work by blocking a specific step in the biosynthetic pathway of folic acid in bacteria
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superinfection | a new infection complicating the course of therapy of an existing infection
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tetracyclines | a class of broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics that are produced by soil organisms and inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes
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