A First Look at the Body
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| abdominal quadrants | dividing abdomen into four quadrants | ||||
| abdominopelvic cavity | inferior part of the ventral body cavity. | ||||
| adhesion molecules | allow cells of tissue to recognize one another and stick together.determine ability of particular dissolved substance and enter or leave cell-particularly for substances that carry electrical charge. | ||||
| adipocytes | cells derived from fibroblasts-interior is dominated by a droplet of fat-movement of fat between adipose tissues and bloodstream conttrolled by nervous and endocrine systems | ||||
| adipose tissue | specialized for storage of fat--functions as energy reserve,-fat cushions internal organs, reduces heat loss through skin and gives body its contours. | ||||
| ADP | energy depleted form of mitochondria | ||||
| anatomical position | subject is erect, facing the viewer, feet pointed ahead, arms at the sides, palms of hands turned forward | ||||
| appendicular region | consisting of the limbs or extremeties | ||||
| ATP | general chemical energy source for energy-requiring cellular prosses of mitochondria | ||||
| axial region | consists of the head, neck, and trunk | ||||
| bilayer | double layer of phospholipids-each cell has one-hydrophilic heads facing the extracellular fluid on one side and the cytoplasm on the other-hydrophilic tails of phospholipids point towards the interior of the membrane. | ||||
| blood plasma | fluid component containing salts; some organic solutes; disolved gases and proteins; formed elements, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. | ||||
| body cavities | two major hollow internal spaces that enclose internal organs | ||||
| bone marrow | fills spaces of trabeculae | ||||
| canaliculus | radiating out at right angles to each Haversian canal are small channels that allow nutrients and oxygen to reach osteocytes and cellular wastes to be removed | ||||
| cancellous bone | spongy bone-consists of a meshwork of mineralized trabeculae with bone marrow filling the spaces | ||||
| cardiac muscle | makes up the walls of the heart and is responsible for circulating blood to all parts of the body | ||||
| cartilage | a strong, flexible, smooth material composed of collagen and chondroitin-in adults supports some soft tissues, | ||||
| chondrocytes | cells that cartilage is secreted from | ||||
| chondroitin | a tough, flexible material that is a major component of cartilage, one form of connective tissue | ||||
| collagen | giant, fibrous molecules that may be arranged in bundles or as a mesh | ||||
| compact bone | outer covering of bone- dense bone- surrounding a core of cancellous bone- composed of units called osteon | ||||
| connective tissue | from the mesoderm | ||||
| connective tissue proper | composes a loosely arranged structural framework for almost every tissue | ||||
| cranial cavity | within the skull, contains the brain, and the vertebral canal within the vertebral column which contains spinal cord and spinal roots | ||||
| cuboidal | epithelial cells are approximately as wide as they are tall | ||||
| cytoplasm | intracellular fluid- contains a number of characteristic organelles | ||||
| cytoskeleton | the scaffold of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and move | ||||
| differentiation | process in which unspecialized cells acquire specific cellular structures and become specialized to perform specific functions | ||||
| directional terms | way of decribing the relationships of individual structures and regions | ||||
| ectoderm | cells of embrio that lie outermost | ||||
| elastin | giant fibrous molecules, that may be arranged in bundles or mesh | ||||
| endocrine glands | formed by epithelial cells- secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the blood | ||||
| endoderm | cells of embryo that lie innermost | ||||
| endoplasmic reticulum | ER-an internal membrane system that contains proteins and lipids destined for various metaboli fates within the cell, for secretion to exterior, or for incorporation into the plasma membrane | ||||
| epithelial tissue | from the ectoderm and endoderm | ||||
| erythrocytes | red blood cells | ||||
| exocrine glands | formed by epithelial cells- secrete substances by way of ducts to the exterior | ||||
| extrinsic | membrane proteins less tightly attached and may be removed by chemical treatments that do not dissolve the membrane | ||||
| fibroblasts | characteristic cells that secrete intercellular materials | ||||
| formed elements | erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes | ||||
| frontal section | pass parallel to the midline and at right angles to the lane of the sagittal section- would divide the body into dorsal and ventral portions | ||||
| glia | support the neurons and maintain a favorable environment for their functions | ||||
| glycoproteins | proteins that strands of sugar molecules are attached to | ||||
| Golgi apparatus | closely stacked sacs of ER that serve as a sorting station for proteins sythesized by ribosomes attached to the ER- these proteins are labeled for various destinations in the cell | ||||
| Haversian canal | surrounded by an osteon- contains blood vessels and nerves | ||||
| horizontal section | (transverse) a cut at right angles to the midline and dividing the body into superior and inferior portions | ||||
| hormones | chemical messangers secreted by endocrine glands-in the blood | ||||
| hyaluronic acid | intercellular substance formed by connective tissues-forma a gel that cements cells together and acts as a cushion | ||||
| intercellular material | generated by connective tissue- large deposits of insoluble material.-secreted by characteristic cells called fibroblasts | ||||
| intermediate filaments | part of the cytoskeleton-allows cell to maintain a form and to move | ||||
| intrinsic | membrane proteins from plasma membrane- tightly associated with the membrane and in some cases span it from one side to the other | ||||
| lacunae | spaces between the lamellae--occupied by osteocytes | ||||
| lamellae | concentric rings of mineralized intercellular substance surrounding the Haversian canal | ||||
| leukocytes | white blood cells | ||||
| ligaments | structures that hold joints together-composed mainly of bundles of collagen and elastin fibers all with the same orientation | ||||
| mesoderm | unspecialized cells of the embryo--comes to lie between the ectoderm and endoderm | ||||
| microfilaments | part of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to maintain a form and move | ||||
| microtubules | part of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to maintain a form and move | ||||
| midline | a cut made in the middle of the body from head to toes | ||||
| midsagittal section | if the body were sliced into equal right and left halves--would pass through the sagittal plane along the midline of the body | ||||
| mitochondria | rod-like structures consisting, of a double-bilayer membrain--sites of the reactions of terminal oxidative metabolism--energy from oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP--believed to evolved from bacteria that took up residence in prim | ||||
| Neurons | generate and conduct electrical impulses and communicate with other cells by way of chemical messages--divided from nervous tissue | ||||
| nucleus | contains genetic material (DNA), together with molecules that affect expression of specific parts of the genetic code--bound with double-bilayer membrane penetrated with porthole-like nuclear pores | ||||
| organelles | characteristic part of the cytoplasm--nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi aparatus, and mitochondria | ||||
| osteoblasts | type of osteocyte--synthesize bone | ||||
| osteocytes | bone cells--two types--osteoblasts and osteoclasts | ||||
| osteons | units that compose compact bone--surrounds a central Haversian canal | ||||
| oxidative phosphorylation | energy from oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP, the general chemical energy source for energy-requiring cellular prosses, for ADP, and energy-depleted form of the same molecule |
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Created by:
heatherlvn
on 2008-09-13