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A First Look at the Body

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Question
Answer
abdominal quadrants   dividing abdomen into four quadrants  
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abdominopelvic cavity   inferior part of the ventral body cavity.  
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adhesion molecules   allow cells of tissue to recognize one another and stick together.determine ability of particular dissolved substance and enter or leave cell-particularly for substances that carry electrical charge.  
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adipocytes   cells derived from fibroblasts-interior is dominated by a droplet of fat-movement of fat between adipose tissues and bloodstream conttrolled by nervous and endocrine systems  
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adipose tissue   specialized for storage of fat--functions as energy reserve,-fat cushions internal organs, reduces heat loss through skin and gives body its contours.  
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ADP   energy depleted form of mitochondria  
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anatomical position   subject is erect, facing the viewer, feet pointed ahead, arms at the sides, palms of hands turned forward  
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appendicular region   consisting of the limbs or extremeties  
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ATP   general chemical energy source for energy-requiring cellular prosses of mitochondria  
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axial region   consists of the head, neck, and trunk  
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bilayer   double layer of phospholipids-each cell has one-hydrophilic heads facing the extracellular fluid on one side and the cytoplasm on the other-hydrophilic tails of phospholipids point towards the interior of the membrane.  
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blood plasma   fluid component containing salts; some organic solutes; disolved gases and proteins; formed elements, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.  
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body cavities   two major hollow internal spaces that enclose internal organs  
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bone marrow   fills spaces of trabeculae  
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canaliculus   radiating out at right angles to each Haversian canal are small channels that allow nutrients and oxygen to reach osteocytes and cellular wastes to be removed  
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cancellous bone   spongy bone-consists of a meshwork of mineralized trabeculae with bone marrow filling the spaces  
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cardiac muscle   makes up the walls of the heart and is responsible for circulating blood to all parts of the body  
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cartilage   a strong, flexible, smooth material composed of collagen and chondroitin-in adults supports some soft tissues,  
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chondrocytes   cells that cartilage is secreted from  
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chondroitin   a tough, flexible material that is a major component of cartilage, one form of connective tissue  
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collagen   giant, fibrous molecules that may be arranged in bundles or as a mesh  
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compact bone   outer covering of bone- dense bone- surrounding a core of cancellous bone- composed of units called osteon  
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connective tissue   from the mesoderm  
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connective tissue proper   composes a loosely arranged structural framework for almost every tissue  
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cranial cavity   within the skull, contains the brain, and the vertebral canal within the vertebral column which contains spinal cord and spinal roots  
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cuboidal   epithelial cells are approximately as wide as they are tall  
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cytoplasm   intracellular fluid- contains a number of characteristic organelles  
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cytoskeleton   the scaffold of filaments within the cytoplasm that allow the cell to maintain a form and move  
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differentiation   process in which unspecialized cells acquire specific cellular structures and become specialized to perform specific functions  
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directional terms   way of decribing the relationships of individual structures and regions  
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ectoderm   cells of embrio that lie outermost  
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elastin   giant fibrous molecules, that may be arranged in bundles or mesh  
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endocrine glands   formed by epithelial cells- secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the blood  
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endoderm   cells of embryo that lie innermost  
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endoplasmic reticulum   ER-an internal membrane system that contains proteins and lipids destined for various metaboli fates within the cell, for secretion to exterior, or for incorporation into the plasma membrane  
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epithelial tissue   from the ectoderm and endoderm  
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erythrocytes   red blood cells  
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exocrine glands   formed by epithelial cells- secrete substances by way of ducts to the exterior  
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extrinsic   membrane proteins less tightly attached and may be removed by chemical treatments that do not dissolve the membrane  
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fibroblasts   characteristic cells that secrete intercellular materials  
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formed elements   erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes  
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frontal section   pass parallel to the midline and at right angles to the lane of the sagittal section- would divide the body into dorsal and ventral portions  
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glia   support the neurons and maintain a favorable environment for their functions  
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glycoproteins   proteins that strands of sugar molecules are attached to  
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Golgi apparatus   closely stacked sacs of ER that serve as a sorting station for proteins sythesized by ribosomes attached to the ER- these proteins are labeled for various destinations in the cell  
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Haversian canal   surrounded by an osteon- contains blood vessels and nerves  
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horizontal section   (transverse) a cut at right angles to the midline and dividing the body into superior and inferior portions  
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hormones   chemical messangers secreted by endocrine glands-in the blood  
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hyaluronic acid   intercellular substance formed by connective tissues-forma a gel that cements cells together and acts as a cushion  
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intercellular material   generated by connective tissue- large deposits of insoluble material.-secreted by characteristic cells called fibroblasts  
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intermediate filaments   part of the cytoskeleton-allows cell to maintain a form and to move  
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intrinsic   membrane proteins from plasma membrane- tightly associated with the membrane and in some cases span it from one side to the other  
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lacunae   spaces between the lamellae--occupied by osteocytes  
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lamellae   concentric rings of mineralized intercellular substance surrounding the Haversian canal  
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leukocytes   white blood cells  
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ligaments   structures that hold joints together-composed mainly of bundles of collagen and elastin fibers all with the same orientation  
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mesoderm   unspecialized cells of the embryo--comes to lie between the ectoderm and endoderm  
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microfilaments   part of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to maintain a form and move  
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microtubules   part of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to maintain a form and move  
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midline   a cut made in the middle of the body from head to toes  
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midsagittal section   if the body were sliced into equal right and left halves--would pass through the sagittal plane along the midline of the body  
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mitochondria   rod-like structures consisting, of a double-bilayer membrain--sites of the reactions of terminal oxidative metabolism--energy from oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP--believed to evolved from bacteria that took up residence in prim  
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Neurons   generate and conduct electrical impulses and communicate with other cells by way of chemical messages--divided from nervous tissue  
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nucleus   contains genetic material (DNA), together with molecules that affect expression of specific parts of the genetic code--bound with double-bilayer membrane penetrated with porthole-like nuclear pores  
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organelles   characteristic part of the cytoplasm--nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi aparatus, and mitochondria  
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osteoblasts   type of osteocyte--synthesize bone  
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osteocytes   bone cells--two types--osteoblasts and osteoclasts  
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osteons   units that compose compact bone--surrounds a central Haversian canal  
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oxidative phosphorylation   energy from oxidation of foodstuffs is applied to the synthesis of ATP, the general chemical energy source for energy-requiring cellular prosses, for ADP, and energy-depleted form of the same molecule  
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