Stack #146000
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| brainstem | the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
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| medulla | the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
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| dendrite | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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| thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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| action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
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| reticular formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
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| cerebellum | the 'little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
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| limbic system | a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and agression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalmus
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| amygdala | two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
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| hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
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| cerebral cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the crebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
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| frontal lobes | the portion of the crebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
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| parietal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
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| occipital lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, each receiving information from the opposite visual field
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| temporal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
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| motor cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
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| sensory cortex | the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement
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| autonomic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses;
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| aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
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| sympathetic nervous system | controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
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| Wernicke's area | controls language reception--a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
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| plasticity | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses;
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| corpus callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
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| split brain | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
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| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
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| reflex | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
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| endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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| hormones | chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
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