| Question |
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| Answer |
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| Anatomical position (4) |
Person standing erect;face directed forward,upperlimbs hanging to the side and palms of hand facing forward |
| supine |
Lying face upward |
| Prone |
lying fact downward |
| "Up" in anatomy |
superior |
| "down" in anatomy |
inferior |
| "front" |
anterior |
| "back" |
posterior |
| In humans, superior (or up) is synonymous with |
cephalic (which means toward the head) |
| In humans, inferior (or down) is synonymous with |
caudal (which means toward the tail) |
| Terms cephalic and caudal are used to describe movements on the ____ but not directional movements of the _______ |
trunk - but not limbs |
| Anterior means |
that which goes before |
| ventral means |
belly |
| Anterior and ventral |
Anterior surface is belly surface which "goes before" when we walk |
| Posterior and dorsal |
Posterior means "that which follows" and dorsal means "back" |
| Posterior and dorsal both have |
"O" in the first sylable |
| Proximal |
nearest the trunk or point of origin "proximus" nearest |
| distal |
means distant L. "di" plus "sto" to stand apart or to be distant |
| medial |
means toward the midline |
| proximal- as description |
closer to point of attachment |
| distal ex. |
fingertip is distal to elbow |
| Superficial (in anatomy) |
refers to structure close to surface of the body - ex.skin is superficial to muscle |
| Central region of body (3) |
head, neck & trunk |
| Trunk (3) |
thorax (chest) abdomen (region between thorax & pelvis) & pelvis (inferior end of trunk associated with pelvis) |
| Sagittal |
sagittal L."flight of the arrow" body would be split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly |
| Median plane (sagittal plane) |
passes through midline of body & divides it into equal right & left halves. |
| Transverse or horizontal plane |
runs parallel to ground & divides body into superior and inferior portions |
| Frontal or coronal plane |
Runs vertically from right to left and divides body into anterior and posterior parts |
| Longitudinal section |
Organs are sectioned to reveal internal structure |
| Cross or transverse section of organ |
RIGHT ANGLE cut to the long axis of an organ |
| Oblique section of organ |
Any cut other than a right angle cut across the long axis |
| Body cavities |
a hollow space L. a hole |
| Thoracic cavity |
Lungs, esophagus, trachea, blood vessesl, thymus, heart |
| Mediastinum |
contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea esophagus & blood vessels & nerves |
| mediatinum divides the |
thoracic cavity |
| the lungs are part of the |
thoracic cavity |
| abdominal cavity |
contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys |
| Pelvic cavity |
urinary bladder, part of the large intestine and internal reproductive organs |
| Are abdonimal and pelvic cavities separated like the thoracic cavity? |
No, they are sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Quadrants |
Regions of abdomen - Upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left |
| Regions of abdomen |
Tic-tac-toe planes |
| Where is appendix located? |
right-lower quadrant - pain is usually felt there |
| Regions (9) |
epigastric, right and left hypochondriac, umbilical, righ and left lumbar, hypogastric, and right and left iliac |
| diaphragm |
musculomembranous partition between the abdominal and thoracic cavities |
| parietal serous membrane |
OUTER balloon wall |
| Visceral serous membrane |
inner balloon wall |
| peritoneum |
the serous membrane, consisting of mesothelium and connecting tissue, that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the viscera contained therein; it forms two sacs a. the peritoneal (or greater) sac and the epiploic foramen. |
| peritoneum means |
L. "to stretch over" |
| pleura |
prefix meaning rib - side |
| pericardium |
around the heart-heart |
| eleven organ systems |
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiobascular, urinary, female & male |
| Nine - top layer-Gastric/hypochondriac - |
Epigastric (remember stomach w/gastric juices is high) right & left hypochondriac region |
| Nine abdominal regions - middle-what's in the middle of your abdomen? |
Umbilical region - Right & left LUMBAR region |
| Nine abdominal regions-Lower Abdomen - |
hypogastric region - right & left iLiAc (lower abdomen) |
| Peritoneal cavity |
the abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane |
| Dorsal body cavity - organs |
spine - spinal chord-nerves, blood vessels |
| anterior body cavities VENTRAL body cavities |
thoracic cavity-heart, lungs, thymus, esophagus & trachea |
| mediastinum |
In middle of thoracic cavity - heart - separates lungs |
| diaphragm |
separates thorcic cavity from abdomina-pelvic |
| retro-peritoneal |
behind serous membrane in peritoneal cavity |
| retro-pertioneal (3 organs) |
kidneys, urinary bladders, adrenal glands (sit atop kidneys) pancreas |
| abdominopelvic |
spleen, kidneys, digestive organs, liver, bladder, reproductive organs |
| cytoplasmic inclusions (includes what???) |
Glycogen-storage components for cell - |
| How do you use microscope? ("O's" for "lows") |
Stage in lowest position-lowest objective in place - covered with projector |
| Lowest lens power(red) |
4 plus Ocular lens 10 = 40 |
| Medium lens power (yellow) - including ocular |
10 x 10 (ocular)= 100 |
| High - blue band |
40 x 10 (ocular) = 400 |
| cytoskeleton |
proteins - support cell wall |
| plasma membrane |
phospholipid bilayer-cholesterol |
| cytoplasm - cytosol |
contains fluid-cytoskeleton- microtubules-hollow cylinders which support flagellum, movement |
| in membrane - where are HEADS pointing-what do they love??? |
POLAR HEADS LOVE WATER |
| In membrane, where are TAILS - what do they HATE? |
Tails hate water (hydrophobic) tails line up & tickle each other |
| Nucleus |
membrane bound structure - contains genetic material |
| nuclear envelope |
Double membrane (like a folded envelope) has nuclear pores |
| What structure is continuous with the nuclear envelope??? |
the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Endoplasmic reticulum contains what (think long words...long spaces) |
Ribosomal RNA along walls |
| ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum |
protein synthesis |
| SMOOTH endoplasmic reticulum |
manufactures lipids & carbohydrates; stores calcium |
| golgi apparatus |
modification & packaging of proteins produced in ER |
| Lysosome |
digestive enzymes |
| peroxisome |
lipid & amino acid degradation - breaks down Hydrogen peroxide |
| lyse |
to break up- to disintegrate |
| mitochondria |
ATP production - own DNA-through mother |
| chondrio |
cartilage or cartilaginous-or; granular or gritty substance [Gr. groats, grit, gristle] |
| nucleolus |
dense body contains ribosomal RNA & proteins-for cell reproduction |
| proteosome |
tube-like protein complexes in cytoplasm-break down unwanted proteins |
| centrioles (like TUBES) |
near nucleus, move to ends of cells & organize spindle fibers |
| glycoproteins in phospholipid bilayer |
recognize other proteins |
| pelvic cavity |
contains reproductive organs & organs of elimination |
| abdominal cavity |
contains digestive organs, kidneys, stomach, digestion |
| ventral cavity |
hollow portion from neck to pelvis |
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