A&P.tri-cOH.chap1
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| Anatomy - def. | Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure; interior and exterior
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| Physiology | Scientific study of the functions and processes of living things (animal and vegetable);especially as to how things normally function
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| Physiology: major goals (2) | a.) understand and predict reponses of body to stimuli b.) understand how body maintains homeostasis
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| Gross Anatomy | study of structures which can be examined without the aid of a microscope - regional, systemic & surface anatomy are "gross" anatomies
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| Gross anatomy - how to study? (2) | a.) systemic-group of structures that have one or more common functions b.) regional anatomy - body studied by area (Ex. dentists)
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| Surface anatomy - | study of external form of body & relation to deeper structures Ex. Sternum - used as anatomic landmark in study of regions of hear & where heart sounds can be heard
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| Anatomic imaging | Uses X-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging & other technologies to see internal structures
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| Microscopic anatomy (2) | Cytology & histology
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| Cytology (micropsopic anatomy) | Examines cells-functional units of life. Study of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell. SYN. cellular biology
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| cyto-(greek) | Prefix "kytos" meaning a cell
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| Histology (microscopic anatomy) | Examines tissues, which are cells and the materials surrounding them
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| tissue | aggregation of similar cells or types of cells, together with any associated intercellular materials, adapted to perform one or more specific functions. Fr. "tissu" or "woven" L. "texo" to weave
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| topics of physiology | dynamic nature of body; operations of specific organ systems
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| Cell physiology | processes occuring in cells
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| systemic physiology | examines functions of organ systems
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| Examples of systemic physiology (2) | neurophysiology - nervous system and cardiovascular physiology - heart & blood vessles
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| Pathology | medical science dealing with all aspects of disease; cause & development of abnormal conditions
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| structural & functional organization -six levelas | Chemical level 2. Cell level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level
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| 1. Chemical level | Interaction of atoms
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| 2. Cell level | Functional unit of life
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| 3. Tissue level | group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
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| 4. Organ level | One or more tissues functioning together
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| 5. Organ system level | Group of organs functioning together
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| 6. Organism level | One living individual
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| Organ systems of the body (11) | Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive
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| integumentary | Skin-protection, regulates Temperature, prevents water loss; skin, hair nails, & sweat glands
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| Skeletal | proection & support, body movements, blood cell production, storage (fats, in bones); bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, & joints
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| muscular | produce movement, postur, body heat production, muscles attached to skeleton by tendons
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| lymphatic | foreign substance removal, regulate tissue fluid balance (prevents swelling), helps fight infection (ex. spleen, thymus produces helper-T cells???); lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
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| respiratory system | exchanges oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood and air & regulates blood pH; consists of lungs and respiratory passages (nose, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi)
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| digestive system | digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes; mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus, mouth
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| nervous system | controls movements, sensory system, intellectual processes; brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
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| endocrine | regulatory system influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other functions; glands - pituitary, parathyroids, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries
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| cardiovascular | transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; helps immune response & the regulation of body temperature; consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood
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| urinary system | waste removal, regulation blood pH, ion balance, water balance; consits of the kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts that carry urine
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| reproductive | male & female; fertilization, production of gametes - egg cells, sperm cells
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| Characteristics of life (6) | 1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. REsponsiveness 4. Growth 5. development (including differentiation & morphogenesis) 6. Reproduction
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| Organization | Within living organism, parts have specific relationships to each & interact to perform specific functions
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| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism, including break down food molecules, using energy
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| responsiveness | ability to sense changes in internal or external environment, moving toward food or away from danger, and make adjustments to maintain internal environment
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| growth | cells increase in size & number
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| development | changes throughh time--greatest development changes before birth--but many change continue after birth
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| Development -- differentiation | Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
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| Development - Morphogenesis | change in shape of tissues, organs & entire organism - Ex. after fertilization generalized cells specialize to become specific cells
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| reproduction | formation of new cells or new organisms
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| homeostasis | existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body Ex. pH 7.4
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| Variables within body | Cells need certain conditions to function normally - must be within range Ex. 7.4 pH but 7.42 is OK - or body temperature
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| Set point | maintain body temperature (or other variable) within a range; if "set point" is reached, body will react to maintain homeostasist Ex. shivering to maintain warmth
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| Negative-feedback mechanisms | Any deviation from "set Point" is made smaller or is resisted Ex. blood pressure receptors cause heart rate to increase or decrease to maintain steady beat
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| Positive-feedback mechanisms | Deviations from the "set point" cause additional deviation away from that value Ex. blood loss-blood pressure decreases to the point that delivery of blood to cardiac muscle is inadequate--heart pumps less blood, causing blood pressure to drop even furthe
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| Positive-feedback | Childbirth-baby's large size stimulates contractions of uterine muscles
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| Body Cavity | space or opening
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| Dorsal - Posterior | back
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| Trunk contains three cavities | Thoracic, abdominal & pelvic
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| Thoracic cavity contains (5) | Heart, lungs, THYMUS (don't forget us!) esophagus (don't eat us!) & trachea (don't track us!)
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| Abdominal cavity contains (6) | stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys (stomach spleens pancakes) (liver likes licorice)
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| Pelvic cavity | Urinary bladder, part of large intestine & reproductive organs
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| ANTERIOR or VENTRAL cavities | thoracic - abdominal & pelvice (all in trunk)
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| POSTERIOR or DORSAL cavities | Cranial-spine-spinal cord-nerves & blood vessels
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| What are two division within the anterior=ventral=abdominal cavities | Mediastinum (divides heart from lungs) and diaphragm (divides abdomen from thoracic)
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| Mediastinum (Latin) | "middle wall"
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| Mediastinum | Divides heart from lungs (each lung has its own sac- right & left
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| Diaphragm | musculomembranous partition between the abdominal & thoracic cavities
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| Serous membrane | cover the organs of the trunk cavities & line the trunk cavities
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| Serous membrane - parietal & visceral | The outer - parietal - the inner-visceral
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| Parietal (fist in a balloon) | The OUTER balloon wall
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| Visceral (fist in balloon) | the INNER balloon wall (touching the "fist" or organ)
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| Serous membrane - function | reduce friction ex. heart muscle moves--would rub against lungs
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| What is serous membrane composed of? | cell that secrete serous fluid
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| Serous refers to what quality? | "Watery" serous cells secrete a water fluid (as opposed to mucuos cells)
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| What are three SEROUS membranes?? | Pericardial - pleural - peritoneal
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| Pericardial (serous membrane) | surrounds heart - visceral pericardium covers the heart; which is contained within a sace lined with parietal pericardium
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| Pleural serous membrane | Pleural (associated with ribs) One cavity for each lung (they are not connected) - contains Pleural fluid
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| Peritoneal serous membrane | covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
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| "retro" peritoneal cavity | "Behind" the peritoneal - contains kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of intestines & urinary bladder (adrenal & pancreas-they "add" to our "pancakes" behind)
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