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| Anatomy - def. |
Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure; interior and exterior |
| Physiology |
Scientific study of the functions and processes of living things (animal and vegetable);especially as to how things normally function |
| Physiology: major goals (2) |
a.) understand and predict reponses of body to stimuli b.) understand how body maintains homeostasis |
| Gross Anatomy |
study of structures which can be examined without the aid of a microscope - regional, systemic & surface anatomy are "gross" anatomies |
| Gross anatomy - how to study? (2) |
a.) systemic-group of structures that have one or more common functions b.) regional anatomy - body studied by area (Ex. dentists) |
| Surface anatomy - |
study of external form of body & relation to deeper structures Ex. Sternum - used as anatomic landmark in study of regions of hear & where heart sounds can be heard |
| Anatomic imaging |
Uses X-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging & other technologies to see internal structures |
| Microscopic anatomy (2) |
Cytology & histology |
| Cytology (micropsopic anatomy) |
Examines cells-functional units of life. Study of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell. SYN. cellular biology |
| cyto-(greek) |
Prefix "kytos" meaning a cell |
| Histology (microscopic anatomy) |
Examines tissues, which are cells and the materials surrounding them |
| tissue |
aggregation of similar cells or types of cells, together with any associated intercellular materials, adapted to perform one or more specific functions. Fr. "tissu" or "woven" L. "texo" to weave |
| topics of physiology |
dynamic nature of body; operations of specific organ systems |
| Cell physiology |
processes occuring in cells |
| systemic physiology |
examines functions of organ systems |
| Examples of systemic physiology (2) |
neurophysiology - nervous system and cardiovascular physiology - heart & blood vessles |
| Pathology |
medical science dealing with all aspects of disease; cause & development of abnormal conditions |
| structural & functional organization -six levelas |
Chemical level 2. Cell level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level |
| 1. Chemical level |
Interaction of atoms |
| 2. Cell level |
Functional unit of life |
| 3. Tissue level |
group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them |
| 4. Organ level |
One or more tissues functioning together |
| 5. Organ system level |
Group of organs functioning together |
| 6. Organism level |
One living individual |
| Organ systems of the body (11) |
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive |
| integumentary |
Skin-protection, regulates Temperature, prevents water loss; skin, hair nails, & sweat glands |
| Skeletal |
proection & support, body movements, blood cell production, storage (fats, in bones); bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, & joints |
| muscular |
produce movement, postur, body heat production, muscles attached to skeleton by tendons |
| lymphatic |
foreign substance removal, regulate tissue fluid balance (prevents swelling), helps fight infection (ex. spleen, thymus produces helper-T cells???); lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs |
| respiratory system |
exchanges oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood and air & regulates blood pH; consists of lungs and respiratory passages (nose, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi) |
| digestive system |
digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes; mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus, mouth |
| nervous system |
controls movements, sensory system, intellectual processes; brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors |
| endocrine |
regulatory system influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other functions; glands - pituitary, parathyroids, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries |
| cardiovascular |
transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; helps immune response & the regulation of body temperature; consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood |
| urinary system |
waste removal, regulation blood pH, ion balance, water balance; consits of the kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts that carry urine |
| reproductive |
male & female; fertilization, production of gametes - egg cells, sperm cells |
| Characteristics of life (6) |
1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. REsponsiveness 4. Growth 5. development (including differentiation & morphogenesis) 6. Reproduction |
| Organization |
Within living organism, parts have specific relationships to each & interact to perform specific functions |
| Metabolism |
all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism, including break down food molecules, using energy |
| responsiveness |
ability to sense changes in internal or external environment, moving toward food or away from danger, and make adjustments to maintain internal environment |
| growth |
cells increase in size & number |
| development |
changes throughh time--greatest development changes before birth--but many change continue after birth |
| Development -- differentiation |
Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized |
| Development - Morphogenesis |
change in shape of tissues, organs & entire organism - Ex. after fertilization generalized cells specialize to become specific cells |
| reproduction |
formation of new cells or new organisms |
| homeostasis |
existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body Ex. pH 7.4 |
| Variables within body |
Cells need certain conditions to function normally - must be within range Ex. 7.4 pH but 7.42 is OK - or body temperature |
| Set point |
maintain body temperature (or other variable) within a range; if "set point" is reached, body will react to maintain homeostasist Ex. shivering to maintain warmth |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms |
Any deviation from "set Point" is made smaller or is resisted Ex. blood pressure receptors cause heart rate to increase or decrease to maintain steady beat |
| Positive-feedback mechanisms |
Deviations from the "set point" cause additional deviation away from that value Ex. blood loss-blood pressure decreases to the point that delivery of blood to cardiac muscle is inadequate--heart pumps less blood, causing blood pressure to drop even furthe |
| Positive-feedback |
Childbirth-baby's large size stimulates contractions of uterine muscles |
| Body Cavity |
space or opening |
| Dorsal - Posterior |
back |
| Trunk contains three cavities |
Thoracic, abdominal & pelvic |
| Thoracic cavity contains (5) |
Heart, lungs, THYMUS (don't forget us!) esophagus (don't eat us!) & trachea (don't track us!) |
| Abdominal cavity contains (6) |
stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys (stomach spleens pancakes) (liver likes licorice) |
| Pelvic cavity |
Urinary bladder, part of large intestine & reproductive organs |
| ANTERIOR or VENTRAL cavities |
thoracic - abdominal & pelvice (all in trunk) |
| POSTERIOR or DORSAL cavities |
Cranial-spine-spinal cord-nerves & blood vessels |
| What are two division within the anterior=ventral=abdominal cavities |
Mediastinum (divides heart from lungs) and diaphragm (divides abdomen from thoracic) |
| Mediastinum (Latin) |
"middle wall" |
| Mediastinum |
Divides heart from lungs (each lung has its own sac- right & left |
| Diaphragm |
musculomembranous partition between the abdominal & thoracic cavities |
| Serous membrane |
cover the organs of the trunk cavities & line the trunk cavities |
| Serous membrane - parietal & visceral |
The outer - parietal - the inner-visceral |
| Parietal (fist in a balloon) |
The OUTER balloon wall |
| Visceral (fist in balloon) |
the INNER balloon wall (touching the "fist" or organ) |
| Serous membrane - function |
reduce friction ex. heart muscle moves--would rub against lungs |
| What is serous membrane composed of? |
cell that secrete serous fluid |
| Serous refers to what quality? |
"Watery" serous cells secrete a water fluid (as opposed to mucuos cells) |
| What are three SEROUS membranes?? |
Pericardial - pleural - peritoneal |
| Pericardial (serous membrane) |
surrounds heart - visceral pericardium covers the heart; which is contained within a sace lined with parietal pericardium |
| Pleural serous membrane |
Pleural (associated with ribs) One cavity for each lung (they are not connected) - contains Pleural fluid |
| Peritoneal serous membrane |
covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| "retro" peritoneal cavity |
"Behind" the peritoneal - contains kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of intestines & urinary bladder (adrenal & pancreas-they "add" to our "pancakes" behind) |
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