tortora chapters 12- 15
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| fungi | a morphologically diverse group of spre-bearing, chlorophyllus, usu. non-motile organisms with a cell wall |
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| general characteristics of fungi | eukaryotic, glucans, mannans, and chitin in cell wall, no chlorophyll, chemoheterotrophic, mostly saprobes, may be dimorphic, most non-motile, acidic pH, osmophilic, aerobic, metabolize complex carbs | Candida albican is unicellular at 37 degrees, and filamentous at 25 degrees
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| dimorphic fungi | change in shape due to temperature | Candida albican
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| hyphae | long tubular protoplasmic structures that make up the body of a mold or fleshy fungus | (blank)
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| pseudohyphae | occurs when the bud does not separate from the mother cell before budding again | (blank)
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| septa | cross-wall structures that divide hyphae into compartments | (blank)
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| coenocytic | multinucleated or non-septate hypha | early schizont of P. vivax
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| mycelium | mass of branching hyphae | (blank)
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| budding or fission | reproduction of yeast cells | (blank)
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| budding of spores | reproduction of mold | sporangiospores, conidiospores, arthrospores, chlamydospores, blastospores
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| sporangiospores | are produced inside a swollen fertile structure | Rhizopus nigrican, Mucor stolonifer
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| conidiospores | produced in a chain, not in an enclosed sac; open spores | Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger
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| arthrospores | formed due to fragmentation of hyphae into single, slightly thickened cells; common in mycosis | Coccidioide immitis
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| blastospores | produced from budding of parent cells | some candida species
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| chlamydosporse | produced by swelling within a hypha; common in the anal region | Cladosporium weneckii
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| plasmogamy | stage one of sexual reproduction of fungi; fusion of the cytoplasm of two hyphae | (blank)
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| karyogamy | stage two; fusion of the nucleii | (blank)
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| meiosis | stage three; reduction division | (blank)
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| zygospores | sexual spore produced when teh nuclei of two morphologically similar cells fuse | Phylum zygomycota
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| ascospores | produced when nucleii of two morphologically similar or dissimilar cells fuse | phylum ascomycota
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| ascus | where ascospores are produced | (blank)
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| basidiospores | developed from the end of a club shaped structure | basidiomycotta= mushroom
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| deuteromycota | fungi imperfecti; only asexual reproduction | candida albicans (infects the blood, blastospores), C. immitis (respiratory infection, arthospores)
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| zygomycota | conjugation fungi' saprophytic, nonseptate, sexual by zygospores, asexual by sporangiospores | rhizopus (lung infection), mucor (lung infection)
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| basidiomycota | club fungi; septate hyphae, sexual by basidiospores, asexual by conidiospores | C. neoformans (lung infection, possible death: common in HIV patients and can't be treated by antibiotic)
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| ascomycota | sac fungi have septate hyphae, dimorphic, sexual by ascospores, asexual by conidio or arthospores | Aspergillus (lung and ear infections= oportunistic)
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| mycosis | fungal disease | (blank)
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| systemic mycosis | deep infection, may involve a number of tissues and organs, caused by saprobes in the soil; infection by inhalation and non-contagious | H. capsulatum (Histoplasmosis= TB of lungs), C. immitis
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| subcutaneous mycosis | beneath the skin: dermis, hair follicle, nail bed, saprophytic dermatophytes on vegetation and in soil, infection by wound or puncture in skin, are contagious | L. loboi (lobomycosis)
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| superficial mycosis | localized infections of hair shaft and skin: called piedras due to hard nodules formed, or tinae; commonly found in soil | (blank)
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| opportunistic mycosis | caused by a fungus that is harmless under normal conditions but may become pathogenic in a compromised host | aspergillosis, candidiasis
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| protozoans | unicellular, usu motile, eukaryotic protist (fr. kingdom protista) plant like and animal like | (blank)
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| protozoal cell | must have a cytoplasmic body and a nucleus most have one nucleus, but may have two or more, mostly aerobic, motile, asexual and sexual reproduction, some may produce cyst | (blank)
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| schizogony | multiple fission; means of asexual reproduction in protozoans | (blank)
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| protozoal means of locomotion | pseudopodia, flagella, cilia | (blank)
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| sexual reproduction of protozoa | conjugation or by syngamy (fusion of gametes) | (blank)
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| asexual reproduction of protozoans | binary fission or schizogony | (blank)
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| sarcodina | amoebas (move by projecting pseudopodia), transmitted by ingestion of food contaminated with cyst | E. histolytica (causes amoebic dysentery)
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| mastigophora | protozoa that move by flagella, have trophozoites (usu. spindle shaped), no cyst, transmitted by sex, dirty toilets or towels | G. lamlia (giardiasis= chronic diarrhea), T. vaginalis (vaginitis), T. gambiense (african sleeping sickness fr. tsetse fly bite)
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| ciliata | protozoa that move with help of cilia | B. coli (dysentery)
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| sporozoa | non motile in mature form, obligate intracellular parasites | P. vivax (malaria), T. gondii (toxoplasmosis
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| vectors | a living insect or other transporter of pathogenic microorganisms | tic, lice, mosquitos
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| arthropod: tic (ixodes) | causes: Borreliosis | B. burgdorferi
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| arthropods: lice (pediculus) | causes epidemic typhus | rickettsias and spirochetes
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| arthropods: mosquito (anopheles- female only) | causes malaria | P. vivax
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| arthropods: mosquito (culex) | causes encephalitis (inflamation of brain membranes) | arboVIRUS
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| arthropods: tsetse fly | causes sleping sickness | T. gamniense
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| virus | non-living; only considered living after entering living host; non-cellular entity which consist mainly of protein and nucleic acid (DNA an RNA) | latin for "poison"
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| Dmitri Iwanoski | discovered tobacco mosaic disease in 1892; nothing would grow on petri dish, but killed plants when sprayed on them | (blank)
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| contagium vivum fluidum | a living infectious fluid; what iwanoski called the virus he discovered | (blank)
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| unique qualities of viruses | no metabolism and few or no enzymes of their own, no intrinsic motility, cannot grow on artificial lab media, do not respond to physical stimuli in their environment | (blank)
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| specificity | a. presence of specific receptors on cell wall surface b. availability of cellular factors (nutrients, enzymes etc) required for viral multiplication | HIV specific for T4 cells, P. vivax for RBC's
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| viral classes | animal, plant, and bacterial viruses | (blank)
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| viral size | range from 20- 450 nm in diameter and 20- 14,000 nm in length | Polio virus is the smallest at about 20 nm
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| viral structure | an infectious viral particle, a fully assembled virus, is composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; all parts are assembled separately then put together; without all parts connected, it will not affect other cells | (blank)
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| capsid | protein coat surrounding the DNA or RNA in a nucleus | (blank)
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| virion | a fully assembled, infectious, viral particle | (blank)
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| viral nucleic acid | may have either DNA or RNA, but never both | (blank)
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| viral DNA | single stranded, double stranded; circular or linear | (blank)
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| viral RNA | single stranded, double stranded, linear or circular | HIV retrovirus= double stranded linear
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| capsid or nucleocapsid | composed of protein subunits of one or more than one protein | (blank)
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| envelope | sometimes surrounds the capsid, consists of a combination of lipids, proteins, and CHO | (blank)
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| capsomeres | protein subunits that make up the capsid | (blank)
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| spikes | sometimes surround envelope; antigens; CHO and protein complex used for identification, attachmnet to host, cause hemagglutination (can be deadly) | (blank)
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| naked virus | nonenveloped virus | (blank)
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| polyhedral | many sided virus; many plant, animal, and bacterial viruses are icosahedron (20 faces and 12 corners) | poliovirus
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| helical | resemble long rods that may be flexible or rigid | tobacco mosaic virus
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| enveloped virus | have a roughly spherical but somewhat variable shape even though the nucleocapsid may be either icosahedral or helical | HIV virus
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| complex virus | have capsid symmetry that is neither purely icosahedral nor helical. may have tails or other structures or have complex, multilayered walls surrounding nucleic acids | T4 Bacteriophage; **ONLY BACTERIAL VIRUSES
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| cultivation of bacterial virus | may only be grown on media with living cells; no tissue culture | (blank)
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| plaque method | viruses are cultured on a solid culture of bacteria; most common method |
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| liquid media | viruses may be cultured in a suspension of bacteria; if virus is present, turbidity will increase because bacteria are killed | (blank)
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| cultivation of animal viruses | living animals, embryonated egge, and cell cultures; cell lines and continuous cell lines | (blank)
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| continuous cell lines | cells that grow on top of one another; hybridoma; tissue culture | derived from cancer cell
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| primary cell lines | grow for 2 or 3 generations then die; grow in a monolayer | normal tissue
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| cultivation of plant viruses | living plants and plant cell lines | (blank)
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| which cells can get cancer? | ALL nucleated (eukaryotic) cells | (blank)
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| plaques | clear zones on a bacterial lawn in the plaque method that indicate presence of a virus | (blank)
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| multiplication of bacteriophages | 1. attachment/ adsorption 2. penetration (DNA) or entry 3. biosynthesis of viral components 4. maturation/ assembly 5. release | (blank)
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| eclipse period | a period in shich no complete viruses or no infection particles are detectable in the host cell | from attachment to biosynthesis
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| isolation of bacteriophages | 1. sewage water is filtered to remove large components 2. add filtrate to bacterial culture | NOT to bacterial culture medium (this is just the broth, with no bacteria present)
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| burst size | number of mature viruses released from a single host cell; 250-300 | (blank)
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| burst time | time between attachment and release; 20-30 minutes | (blank)
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| multiplication of animal viruses | 1. attachment/ adsorption 2. penetration (entire virus) 3. uncoating 4. biosynthesis 5. maturation 6. release | (blank)
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| lytic cycle | bacteria dies, virus carries it's own viral DNA | (blank)
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| lysogenic cycle | viral DNA joins DNA of host; no cell death (yet) | (blank)
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| prophage | viral DNA + bacterial DNA | (blank)
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| provirus | viral DNA + animal DNA | (blank)
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| lysogeny | viral DNA is incorporated into bacterial DNA; once infected immune to that virus again; may exhibit new properties like resistance, production of toxins, specialized transduction | (blank)
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| proto-oncogenes (20 known) | normally functioning regulator genes; a switch that is turned off by cancer causing viruses | produce protein kinases
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| oncogenes | "mad genes" caused by high E. radiation, mutagenic chemicals, and some viruses, allow continued growth of cells | (blank)
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| DNA proto-oncogenic viruses | poxvirus, papilloma virus, herpes virus | (blank)
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| RNA oncogenic viruses | retroviruses | HIV-1, HIV-2
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| prions | proteinaceous infectious particles possibly generated in or by the host; incubation for 15-20 years; can not be lab-grown; non-living, no DNA; spongy brain | mad cow disease, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia
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| pathogen | a microbe that can cause disease in a susceptible host; does not always cause disease | (blank)
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| pathology | the scientific study of disease | (blank)
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| disease | any change from a state of health | contagious does not mean infectious
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| infectious disease | involves microbes | (blank)
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| non-infectious disease | does not involve microbes; genes etc | Grave's Disease
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| infection | colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms; we are infected ALL the time; there are not always signs and symptoms of infection | (blank)
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| normal flora | microbes that colonize an animal without causing a disease; over 100 species for adult human | C. xerosis, dipthroids, Hemophilus and Neisseria, Actinomyces, Bacteroids, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Enterococcus
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| normal flora of a fetus | none! a healthy fetus is sterile until birth membranes break | HIV cannot pass through placenta unless internal injury occurs
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| commensalism | form of symbiosisin which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected; opposite of parasitism | Corynebacteria (eye), Saprophitic mycobacteria (ear, genitals) like M. smegmatis (ear wax)
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| mutulism | form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit | E. coli in the large intestine synthesize vitamin K and B vitamins
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| parasitism | form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and one is harmed | Chlamydiae (STD), any disease causing microbe
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| opportunistic organisms | do not cause disease under normal conditions but cause disease in a compromised host | E. Coli if it travels out of the colon
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| Exception to Koch's postulate | etiologies of diseases caused by viruses, and some bacteria which do not grow on artificial medium | T. pallidum (syphilis)
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| exception to Koch's postulate | some pathologies may be caused by a variety of microbes | pneumonia and nephritis
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| exception to Koch's postulate | some pathogens cause several different diseases | S. pyogenes
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| sporadic disease | occurs occasionally in a population | typhoid fever in the U.S.
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| endemic disease | is constantly present in a certain population | common cold, STD's
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| epidemic disease | acquired by many people in a given area in a short amount of time | influenza
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| pandemic disease | epidemic that occurs world wide | AIDS
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| acute disease | symptoms develop rapidly but las for only a short time | flu
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| chronic disease | illnes that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods of time | TB, syphilis
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| subacute disease | a disease with symptoms between acute and chronic | sclerosingpanencephalitis (SPE)
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| latent | characterized by a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive; more like a phase of a disease | shingles, AIDS
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| reservoirs | a continual source of infection is called a reservoir of infection | humans, water
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| direct contact transmission | person to person | hugging, kissing, touching, etc
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| indirect contact transmission | through fomites | pens, needles, utensils
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| droplet contact transmission | through saliva and mucus, and other body fluids; when transmitted less than one meter | (blank)
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| common vehicle transmission | a large number of people infected through the same inanimate reservoir | nosocomial infections, water born diseases
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| airborne transmission | pathogens carried on water droplets or dust for a distance > 1 meter | Q. fever, histoplasmosis (fr. H. capsulatum)
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| most common nosocomial infection | urinary tract infection | improper catheter technique
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| most common cause of nosocomial infection | opportunistic, drug resistant, gram negative bacteria | P. aeruginosa, E. coli (non surgical), S. Aureus (surgical)
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| how an infectious disease occurs | 1. transported to the host 2. adhere to, colonize, or invade host 3. multiply 4. evade host defense mechanisms 5. possess ability to damage host | must have enzyme, poison, or toxin to damage host
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| incubation | time interval between actual infection and first appearance of signs and symptoms | deer tic bite to development of small rash at bite site; hours to days
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| prodromal period | appearance of mild sighs and symptoms | rash spreads, fever develops
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| illness | disease is at its height and all signs and symptoms are present | full rash, high fever, joint pain; if treatment is given, immune system prevails, proceed to decline, alternatively: death)
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| decline | signs and symptoms subside | if not diagnosed and treated properly, may have lifelong symptoms
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| convalescence | body returns to pre-diseased state, and health is restored. | :)
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