First Aid Ovarian and Testicular Cancers
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| Follicular cyst | Distention of unruptured graafian follicle. May be associated with hyperestrinism and endometial hyperplasia
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| Corpus luteum cyst | Hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum. Menstrual irregularity
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| Theca-lutein cyst | Often bilateral/multiple. Due to gonadotropin stimulation. Associated with choriocarcinoma and moles.
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| Chocolate cyst | Blood-containing cyst from ovarian endometriosis. Varies with menstrual cycle.
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| (Ovarian) Dysgerminoma | Germ cell tumor. Malignant, equivalent to male seminoma. Sheets of uniform cells. Most common malignant ovarian tumor. Elevated hCG, elevated serum LDH.
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| (Ovarian) Choriocarcinoma | Germ cell tumor. Rare but malignant, can develop during pregnancy in mother or baby. Large, hyperchromatic syncytiotrophoblastic cells. Increased frequency of theca-lutein cysts. Hyatidiform mole is a precurser for this. Elevated hCG.
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| (Ovarian) Yolk sac (endodermal sinus tumor) | Germ cell tumor. Aggressive malignancy in ovaries (testes in boys) and sacrococcygeal area of young children. Schiller-Duval bodies (resembles yolk sac). Elevated AFP.
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| (Ovarian) Teratoma | Germ cell tumor. 90% of ovarian germ cell tumors. Contain cells from 2 or 3 germ layers. Mature teratoma (‘dermoid cyst’) – most frequent benign ovarian tumor. Immature teratoma – aggresively malignant.
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| Struma ovarii | Contains functional thyroid tissue. Can present as hyperthyroidism. Associated with teratoma’s.
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| (Ovarian) Serous cystadenoma | Non-Germ cell tumor. 20% of ovarian tumors. Frequently bilateral, lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium. Benign.
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| Serous cystadenocarcinoma | Non-Germ cell tumor. 50% ovarian tumors, malignant and frequently bilateral.
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| (Ovarian) Mucinous cystadenoma | Non-Germ cell tumor. Multilocular cyst lined by mucus-secreting epithelium. Benign.
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| (Ovarian) Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma | Non-Germ cell tumor. Malignant. Pseudomyxoma peritonei (abdominal mass of mucus).
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| (Ovarian) Brenner tumor | Non-Germ cell tumor. Benign. Looks like Bladder.
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| (Ovarian) Fibroma | Non-Germ cell tumor. Bundles of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
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| Meigs’ syndrome | Triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, and hydrothorax. Pulling sensation in groin. Associated with Ovarian fibroma’s.
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| (Ovarian) Granulosa cell tumor | Non-Germ cell tumor. Secretes estrogen leading to precocious puberty (kids). Can cause endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults.
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| Call-Exner bodies | Small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions. Associated with Granulosa cell tumors.
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| (Ovarian) Krukenberg tumor | Non-Germ cell tumor. GI malignancy that metastasizes to ovaries, causing a mucin-secreting signet cell adenocarcinoma.
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| (Vaginal) squamous cell carcinoma | Secondary to cervical SCC.
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| (Vaginal) clear cell adenocarcinoma | Exposure to DES (Diethylstilbestrol; used to be given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriages; now its known to cause vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in young girls).
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| (Vaginal) sarcoma botryoides (rhabdomyosarcoma variant) | Affects girls <4 yrs of age; spindle shaped tumor cells that are desmin positive.
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| CA-125 | General ovarian cancer marker
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| CA-19-9 | Colorectal and pancreatic cancer marker.
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| CEA | Colorectal and pancreatic cancer marker. (Used to monitor colon cancer tumor recurrance)
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| Alpha FetoProtein | Marker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors (i.e. Yolk sac tumors).
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| DHEA | Excess production of androgens (i.e. Adrenal Hyperplasia)
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| (Breast) Fibroadenoma | Most common tumor <25 y/o. Small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges. Increase size and tenderness w/pregnancy. Not a precursor to breast cancer.
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| (Breast) Intraductal Papilloma | Tumor of lactiferous ducts; presents with serous or bloody nipple discharge.
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| (Breast) Phyllodes tumor | Large, bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts. Tumor may have ‘leaflike’ projections. Some may be malignant (cystosarcoma phyllodes). >50 y/o, no cyclical (menstrual) pain.
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| (Breast) Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) | Noninvasive, early malignancy without basement membrane penetration.
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| (Breast) Invasive ductal, no specific type | Invasive. 76% of the invasive breast cancers. Frim, fibrous mass, FOLLOWS LYMPHATICS! Worst and most invasive; common.
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| (Breast) Invasive lobular | 8% of invasive breast cancers. Often multiple; BILATERAL, orderly rows of cells.
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| (Breast) Medullary | 1.2 – 10% of invasive breast cancers. Fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate. Good prognosis.
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| (Breast) Comedocarcinoma | 1.6% of invasive breast cancers. Ductal, caseous necrosis.
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| (Breast) Inflammatory | Invasive. Lymphatic involvement. Red, swollen, peau d’orange (breast skin resembles orange peel).
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| (Breast) Paget’s disease of the breast | Eczematous patches on nipple. Paget cells- Large cells with clear halo; suggests underlying carcinoma. Also seen on vulva.
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| (Testicular) Seminoma | Germ cell tumor. Malignant, painless testicular enlargement; most common testicular tumor, mostly affecting males age 15-35. Large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasm and a ‘fried egg’ appearance. Radiosensitive. Late metastasis, excellent prognosis
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| (Testicular) Embyonal carcinoma | Germ cell tumor. Malignant, PAINFUL, worse prognosis than seminoma. Often glandular/papillary morphology. Can differentiate to other tumors.
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| (Testicular) Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor | Germ cell tumor. Analogous to ovarian yolk sac tumor. Schiller-Duval bodies, primitive glomeruli. Increased AFP.
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| (Testicular) Choriocarcinoma | Germ cell tumor. Malignant. Increased hCG
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| (Testicular) Teratoma | Germ cell tumor. Unlike in females, mature teratoma in males is most often malignant.
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| Leydig cell tumor | Non-germ cell tumor. Benign, contains Reinke crystals; usually androgen producing, gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boys.
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| Sertoli cell tumor | Non-germ cell tumor. Benign, androblastoma from sex cord stroma.
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| Testicular lymphoma | Non-germ cell tumor. Most common testicular cancer in older men.
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| Varicocele | Tunica Vaginalis lesion. Dilated vein in pampiniform plexus; can cause infertility; ‘bag of worms’. Warm, soft mass in scrotum. Pain on exercise, relieved when lying down or with valsalva maneuver.
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| Hydrocele | Tunica Vaginalis lesion. Increased fluid secondary to incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis.
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| Spermatocele | Tunica Vaginalis lesion. Dilated epidydymal duct.
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| Erythroplasia of Queyrat | Penile pathology- Carcinoma in situ. Red velvety plaques, usually involving the glans; otherwise similar to Bowen’s disease.
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| Bowenoid papulosis | Penile pathology- Carcinoma in situ. Multiple papular lesions; affects younger age group than other subtypes; usually does not become invasive.
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| Bowen’s Disease | Penile pathology- Carcinoma in situ. Gray, solitary, crusty plaque, usually on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum; peak incidence in 5th decade of life; progresses to invasive SCC in <10% of cases.
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| Penile Squamous cell carcinoma | Penile pathology. Rare in circumsised men; uncommmon in the USA and Europe, more common in Asia, Africa, and South America. Commonly associated with HPV.
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| Peyronie’s Disease | Penile pathology. Bent penis due to acquired fibrous tissue formation.
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