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sociology ch12

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Question
Answer
Difference between sex and gender   Sex is biological and gender is socially learned expectations which may begin as soon as the sex of a fetus is known.  
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Biological determinism   Men have more testosterone so they're more manly  
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Hermaphroditism   Condition caused by irregularities in the process of chromosome formation.  
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Gender socialization   Men and women learn the expectations of their sex  
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Agents of gender socialization   family, schools, religion, media  
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Family   They might encourage a boy to be tough or a girl to be gentle. ex. give only boy toys or girl toys  
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Schools   Teachers have different expectations of each gender. Boys get more attention. Books communicate gender expectations  
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Religion   Authority of men over women. Women leaders have declined  
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Media   Men outnumber women on TV. Women are seen as young sex objects, they are thin and reinforce the ideal body type  
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Prices of conformity   Men take steroids to be more muscular while women starve themselves to be skinnier. Men are also violent and powerful over women and may not show any emotions.  
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Patriarchy   Men have power over women in a certain group such as religion or workplace  
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Overt discrimination towards women   Men keep power in a subtle way  
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Human capital theory   Assumes that the economic market is fair and competitive wages rely on the work habits of an individual.  
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Dual Labor Market Theory   Men and women earn different wages bc they tend to work in different segments of the work force.  
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Primary market for jobs   Jobs are stable, good wages and opportunities  
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Secondary jobs   Low wages, constant job turn over, poor conditions, etc.  
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Informal Sector   Greater wage inequality, no benefits, little or no employees.  
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Which jobs do women tend to take?   Secondary while men take primary.  
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Functionalism theory on gender   Genders are mixed roles in society. Men are instrumental while women are expressive  
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Conflict theory on gender   Women are disadvantaged by power, economic instability, and political/social systems due to males.  
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Symbolic interaction theory on gender   Theoretical perspective that interprets gender as something accomplished through the ongoing social interactions of people. People produce gender by what's interpreted from their social interactions.  
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Feminist theory   Beliefs and actions that support justice, fairness, equality for all women regardless of differences. 30-40% of women  
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