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| beta-lactam abx |
penicillins because they have a beta-lactam ring |
| penicillins bactericidal or bacteristatic? |
bactericidal |
| difference between bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and animal cytoplasmic membrane |
bacterial cytoplasmic membrane doesn't contain cholesterol or other sterols (except for mycoplasma pneumoniae, which has cholesterol) |
| what is the antigenic determinant of gram + bacteria? |
teichoic acid (in peptidoglycan layer) |
| what is the antigenic determinant of gram - bacteria? |
Endotoxin/Lipid A |
| Do gram + cells have endotoxin? |
No, except for Listeria monocytogenes |
| For which organisms would you use an acid fast stain? |
mycobacteria (TB or leprae), nocardia (partially acid fast), Cryptosporidium parvum (its oocysts are partially acid fast), Isospora belli (oocysts are acid fast) |
| Explain acid fast stain |
1. red stain (carbolfuchsin) 2. heat to help dye penetrate, 3.acid poured (but the mycolic acid of acid fast orgs don't dissolve in the acid - hold on to the red color), 4.methylene blue stain. Acid-fast orgs stay red, while non-acid fast stains blue. |
| What does the acid fast stain bind to? |
mycolic acid in the cell wall of mycobacteria and nocardia |
| For which organism would you have to use a darkfield microscope? |
Spirochetes (Treponema pallidum, Borrelia, Leptospira) |
| What's special about cell wall of chlamydia? |
Cell wall doesn't have muramic acid |
| What's special about mycoplasma? |
No cell wall, and cholesterol in its cytoplasmic membrane |
| Bacterial DNA |
double stranded, circular |
| Bacteria are prokayotes or eukaryotes? |
prokaryotes |
| Bacterial ribosome |
70S - two subunits: 50 S (targeted by erythromycin) and 30 S (targeted by tetracycline) -- protein synthesis blocked |
| Which bacteria must use host cell's machinery to acquire ATP? |
Chlamydia and Rickettsia |
| Which bacterial enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide? |
Catalase and Peroxidase |
| Which bacterial enzyme breaks down super oxide radicals? |
Superoxide dismutase |
| Budding yeast, narrow based buds |
Cryptococcus neoformans (fungus) -- the halo surrounding is the capsule made up of sugars |
| Yeast, broad based buds |
Blastomyces dermatitidis |
| Fruiting body, narrow angled, branching septate hyphae |
Aspergillus fumigatus |
| Wide-angled hyphae, non-septate |
Mucor |
| Likes to inhabit abandoned TB cavities |
Aspergillus fumigatus |
| Spherules with endospores |
Coccidioides immitis |
| Southwestern US |
Coccidioides immitis |
| Ohio/central Mississippi River Valley |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
| Great Lakes |
Blastomyces dermatitidis |
| Earthquakes --> dust |
Coccidioides immitis |
| chicken farmers |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
| Starlings (birds) |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
| fungus whose yeast is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
| fungus whose yeast looks like Mickey Mouse |
Cryptococcus neoformans (fungus) |
| How to treat Cryptococcus? |
Actinomycin |
| How to treat Histoplasma? |
Actinomycin |
| Mechanism of actinomycin? |
inhibit transcription. It does this by binding DNA at the transcription initiation complex and preventing elongation by RNA polymerase (also called Dactinomycin) |
| Fungus with a crown, septate, narrow angles |
Aspergillus fumigatus |
| Allergies to molds -- what kind of hypersensitivity? |
Type I |
| India ink stain |
Cryptococcus (fungus) -- the halo surrounding is the capsule made up of sugars |
| Quellung reaction |
ID bacteria with capsules. Abs bind to the capsule (opsonization) --> capsule swells with water --> can see the swelling through a microscope. |
| Obligate anaerobes (2) |
Clostridium and Bacterioides |
| What conditions can destroy an endospore |
Spores only by Bacillus and Clostridium. Autoclave conditions: 121 C for 15 minutes. |
| Facultative INTRACELLULAR organisms |
MY LIST for YOUR INTRAmural party includes LEGIONs of SALMON, BRUssel sprouts and FRENCH fries. Mycobacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia, Legionella, Salmonella typhi, Brucella, Francisella tularensis. |
| Exotoxins - A (damage, toxic) and B (binding, delivery) subunits |
The 2 SUBwoofers (A and B) playing ANTHRAX music is VIBRating DEEP in the CLOSet. Bacillus anthracis, Vibrio cholera, Corynebacteria diptheria, Clostridium tetani and botulinum. |
