muscles
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| deltoid | lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula | deltoid tuberosity | all: abduct the shoulder, anterior: flex, medially rotate, and horizontally abduct the shoulder, posterior: extend, laterally rotate, and horizontally adduct the shoulder
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| latissimus dorsi | spinous processes of the last 6 thoracic vertebrae, the last 3 to 4 ribs, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, and posterior iliac crest | crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerous | extend, adduct, and medialy rotate the shoulder
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| trapezius | medial portion of the superior nuchal line of the occiput, ligamentum nuchae, external occipital protuberance, and spinous processes of C7 to T12 | lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula | all bilat: extend head and neck, unilat: laterally flex head and neck to same side, rotate head and neck to opposite side, elevate and upwardly rotate scapula, middle: adduct and stabilize the scapula, lower: depress and upwardly rotate scapula
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| teres major | lateral side of the inferior angle, and the lower half of the lateral border of the scapula | crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus | extend, adduct and medially rotate the shoulder
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| supraspinatus | supraspinous fossa of the scapula | greater tubercle of the humerus | abduct the shoulder, stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
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| infraspinatus | infraspinous fossa of the scapula | greater tubercle of the humerus | laterally rotate, adduct, extend, horizontally abduct the shoulder, stabilize the head of humerus in the glenoid cavity
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| teres minor | superior half of the lateral border of the scapula | greater tubercle of the humerus | laterally rotate, adduct, extend, and horizontally abduct the shoulder, stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
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| subscapularis | subscapular fossa of the scapula | lesser tubercle of the humerus | medialy rotate the shoulder, and stabilize the head of the humerus in te glenoid cavity
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| rhomboid major | spinous processes of T2 to T5 | medial border of the scapula between the spine of the scapula and the inferior angle | adduct, elevate, and downwardly rotate the scapula
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| rhomboid minor | spinous processes of C7 to T1 | upper portion of the medial border of the scapula, across the spine of the scapula | adduct, elevate, and downwardly rotate the scapula
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| levator scapula | transverse processes of the 1st through 4th cervicle vertabrae | uper region of the medial border, and the superior angle of the scapula | unilat: elevate, downwardly rotate the scapula, laterally flex the ehad and neck to the same side, bilat: extend the head and neck
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| serratus anterior | surfaces of the upper 8 to 9 ribs | anterior surfaces of the medial border of the scapula | origin fixed: abduct and depress the scapula, holds the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage, scapula fixed: may act in forced inhilation
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| pectoralis major | medial 1/2 of the clavicle, sternum, and the cartilage of the 1st through 6th ribs | crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus | all: adduct, medially rotate the shoulder, andassist in elevating the thorax in forced inhilation, upper: flex, horizontally adduct the shoulder, lower: extend the shoulder
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| pectoralis minor | ribs 3 to 5 | coracoid process of the scapula | depress, abduct the scapula, tilt the scapula anteriorly, if fixed: assist in forced inhilation
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| subclavius | 1st rib and the cartilage | inferior lateral aspect of the clavicle | draw clavicle inferiorly and anteriorly, elevate the 1st rib and stabilize the steroclavicular joint
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| biceps brachii | short head: coracoid process of the scapula, long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula | tuberosity of the radius and the aponeurosis of the biceps brachii | flex the elbow, supinate the forearm, and flex the shoulder
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| triceps brachii | long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, lateral head: posterior surface of the proximal half of the humerus, medial head: posterior surface of the distal half of the humerus | olecrannon process of the ulna | all: extend the elbow, long head: extend and abduct the shoulder
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| coracobrachialis | coracoid process of the scapula | medial surface of the mid-humeral shaft | flex, and adduct the shoulder
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| brachialis | distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus | tuberosity and the coranoid process of the humerus | flex the elbow
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| brachioradialis | lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus | styloid process of the radius | flex the elbow, assist to pronate and supinate the forearm when the movments are resisted
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| extensor carpi radialis longus | lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus | base of the second metacarpal | extend the wrist, abduct the wrist and assist to flex the elbow joint
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| extensor carpi radialis brevis | lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus | base of the 3rd metacarpal | extend the wrist, abduct the wrist, assist to flex the elbow
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| extensor carpi ulnaris | common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus | base of the 5th metacarpal | extend the wrist, adduct the wrist
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| extensor digitorum | common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus | middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd through 5th fingers | extend the 2nd through 5th fingers, assist to extend the wrist
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| flexor carpi radialis | common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus | bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals | flex the wrist joint, abduct the wrist joint, and flex the elbow
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| palmaris longus | commone flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle | flexor retinaculum and palmaris aponeurosis | tense the palmar fascia, flex the wrist joint, and flest the elbow joint
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| flexor carpi ulnaris | humeral head: common flexor tendon fron the medial epicondyle of the humerus, ular head: posterior surface of the proximal half of the ulnar shaft | pisiform | flex the wrist, adduct the wrist, and assist to flex the elbow
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| flexor digitorum superficialis | common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, ulnar collateral ligament, coronoid process of the ulna, and the shaft of the radius | by four tendons into the sides of the middle phalanges of the 2nd through 5th fingers | flex the 2nd through 5th fingers, flex the wrist
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| flexor digitorum profundus | the anterior and the edial surfaces of the proximal 3/4 of the ulna | by four tendons into the bases of the distal phalanges, palmar surfaces of the 2nd through 5th fingers | flex the 2nd through 5th fingers, and assist to flex the wrist
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| pronator teres | medial epicondyle of the humerus, common flexor tendon and the ulna | the middle of the lateral surface of the radius | pronate the forearm, and assist to flex the elbow
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| pronator quadratis | the medial, anterior surface of the distal ulna | the lateral, anterior surface of the distal radius | pronate the forearm
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| supinator | the radial collateral ligament, the annular ligament, and the supinator crest of the ulna | lateral surface of the proximal shaft of the radius | supinate the forearm
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| opponens pollicis | flexor retinaculum, and the tubercle of the trapezium | the entire length of the 1st metacarpal bone on the radial side | opposition of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
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| adductor pollicis | the capitate, the 2nd and the 3rd metacarpals | the base of the proximal phalnge of the thumb | adduct the thumb, and assist in flexion of the thumb
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| extensor pollicis longus | the posterior surface of the ulna, and the interosseous membrane | the distal phalange of the thumb | extend the thumb, and assist to extend the thumb
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| extensor pollicis brevis | the posterior surface of the radius, and the interosseous membrane | the proximal phalange of the thumb | extend the thumb, and assist to extend the thumb
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| flexor pollicis longus | the anterior surface of the radius, and the interosseous membrane | the distal phalange of the thumb | flex the thumb, and assist to flex the thumb
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| abductor pollicis longus | the posterior surface of the radius, the ulna, and the inerosseous membrane | the base of the 1st metacarpal | abduct the thumb, and extend the thumb
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| errector spinae group (spinalis, iliocostalis, longissimus) | the common tendon that attaches tothe posterior surface of the sacrum, iliac crest, the spinous processes of the lumbar and the last 2 thoracic vertebrae | various attachments at the posterior ribs, the spinous and the transverse processes of the thoracic and the cervical vertabrae, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone | unilat: laterally flex the vertevral column to the same side, bilat: extend the vertebral column
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| multifidi and rotatores | multifidi: the sacrum, and the transverse porcesses of the lumbar through to the cervical vertebrae, rotatores: the tranverse processes of the lumbar through to the cervical vertebrae | the spinous processes of the lumbar vertabrae through to the 2nd cervical vertabrae | unilat: rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side, bilat: extend the vertevral column
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| semispinalis capitis | the transverse processes of the throacic vertabrae, and the articular processes of the lower cervicle vertebrae | the spinous processes of the upper thoracic and cervicle vertabrae and the superior nuchal line of the occiput | extend the head and the vertebral column
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| splenius capitis and cervicic | capitis: the legamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of C7 to T3, cervicis: the spinous processes of T3 to T6 | capitis: the mastoid process, and the lateral portion of the superior nuchal line, cervicis: the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae | unilat: rotate the head and neck to the same side, laterally flex the head and neck,bilat: extend the head and neck
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| quadratus lumborum | posterior iliac crest | the last rib, and the transverse processes of L1 through L4 | unilat: laterally tilt the pelvis, laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side, assist to extend the vertebral column, bilat: flex the last rib, during inhilation and forced exhilation
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| rectus abdominus | pubic crest, and the pubic symphasis | the cartilage of the 5th,6th, and 7th ribs, and the xiphoid process | flex the vertebral column
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| external oblique | lower 8 ribs | the anterior part of the iliac crest, and the abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba | unilat: laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side, and rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side, bilat: flex the vertebral column, and compress the abdominal contents
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| internal oblique | lateral inguinal ligament, the iliac crest, and the thoracolumbar aponeurosis | the internal surface of the lower 3 ribs, andthe abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba | unilat: lateraly flex the vertebral column to the same side, and rotate the vertebral column to the same side, bilat: flex the vertebral column, and compress abdominal contents
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| transverse abdominis | the lateral inguinal ligament, the iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and the internal surface of the lower 6 ribs | the abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba | compress the abdominal contents
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| diaphragm | costal: inner surface of the lower 6 ribs, lumbar: the upper 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae, sternal: the inner part of the xiphoid process | cental tendon | draw down the central tendon of the diahragm, and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhilation
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| intercostals | the inferior border of the rib above | the superior border of the rib below | external: assist with inhilation, internal: assist with exhilation
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| rectus femoris (quadriceps) | the anterior, inferior, iliac spine | tibial tuberosity | extend the knee, and flex the hip
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| vastus lateralis (quadriceps) | the lateral lip of the linea aspera, the gluteal tuberosity | tibial tuberosity | extend the knee
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| vastus intermedius (quadriceps) | the anterior and the lateral shaft of the femor | tibial tuberosity | extend the knee
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| vastus medialis (quadriceps) | the medial lip of the linea aspera | tibial tuberosity | extend the knee
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| biceps femoris (hamstrings) | long head: ischial tuberosity, short head: the lateral lip of the linea aspera | the head of the fibula | flex the knee, laterally rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip, laterally rotate the hip, and tilt the pelvis posteriorly
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| semitendinosus (hamstrings) | ischial tuberosity | the proximal medial shaft of the tibia at the pes anserinus tendon | flex the knee, medially rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip, medially rotate the hip, and tile the pelvis posteriorly
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| semimembranosus (hamstrings) | ischial tuberosity | the posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia | flex the knee, medially rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip, medially rotate the hip, and tilt the pelvis posteriorly
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| adductor magnus (adductor group) | the inferior ramus of the pubis, ramus of the ischum, and the ischial tuberosity | the medial lip of the linea aspera, and the adductor tubercle | adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist to flex the hip, posterior: extend the hip
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| adductor longus (adductor group) | pubic tubercle | the medial lip of the linea aspera | adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist to flex the hip
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| adductor brevis (adductor group) | the inferior ramus of the pubis | the pectineal line, and the medial lip of the linea aspera | adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, and assist to flex the hip
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| pectineus (adductor group) | the superior ramus of the pubi | the pectineal line of the femur | adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, and assist to flex the hip
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| gracilis (adductor group) | the inferior ramis of the pubis and the ramus of the ischium | the proximal medial shaft of the tibia at the pes anserinus tendon | adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, flex the knee and medially rotate the flexed knee
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| sartorius | anterior superior iliac spine | the proximal, media shaft of the tibia at the pes anserinus tendon | flex the hip, laterally rotate the hip, abduct the hip, flex the knee, and medially rotate the flexed knee
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| tensor fascia latae | the iliac crest, posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine | iliotibial tract | flex the hip, medially rotate the hip, and abduct the hip
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| gluteus maximus | coccyc, the edge of the sacrum, the posterior iliac crest, sacrotuberus and sacroiliac tract | upper: the gluteal tuberosity, lower: iliotibial tract | all: extend the hip, laterally rotate the hip and abduct the hip, lower: adduct the hip
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| gluteus minimus | the gluteal surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines | the andteror border of the greater trochanter | abduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, and flex the hip
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| gluteus medius | the gluteal surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior and anterior gluteal lines | the greater trochanter | all: abduct the hip, anterior: flex the hip, and medially rotate the hip, posterior: extend the hip, and laterally rotate the hip
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| piriformis (lateral rotators) | the anterior surface of the sacrum | the greater trochanter | laterally rotate the hip, and abduct the hip when the hip is flexed
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| quadratus femoris (lateral rotators) | the lateral border of the ischial tuberosity | the intertrochanteric crest between the lesser and greater trochanters | laterally rotate the hip
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| obturator internus (lateral rotators) | the obturator membran and the inferior surface of the obturator foreamen | the medial surface of the greater trochanter | laterally rotate the hip
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| obturator externus (lateral rotators) | the superior and inferior rami of the pubis | the trochanter fossa of the femur | laterally rotate the hip
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| gemellus superior (lateral rotators) | the ischial spine | the upper border of the greater trochanter | laterally rotate the hip
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| gemellus inferior (lateral rotators) | the ischial tuberosity | the upper border of the greater trochanter | laterally rotate the hip
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| psoas major | the bodies and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae | the lesser trochanter | flex the hip, adduct the hip, and laterally rotate the hip
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| iliacus | the iliac fossa | the lesser trochanter | flex the hip, adduct the hip, and laterally rotate the hip
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| gastrocnemius | condyles of the femur, the posterior surfaces | the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon | flex the knee, and plantar flex the ankle
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| soleus | the soleal line, posterior surface of tibia, and proximal, posterior surface of fibula | the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon | plantar flex the ankle
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| plantaris | the lateral condyle of the femur | the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon | weak plantar flexion of the ankle, weak flexion of the knee
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| popliteus | lateral epicondyle of the femur | proximal, posterior aspect of the tibia | medially rotate the flexed knee, and flex the knee
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| peronius longus | the proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula | base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform | evert the foot, and assist to plantar flex the ankle
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| peronius brevis | the distal 2/3 of lateral fibula | tuberosit of 5th metatarsal | evert the foot, and assist to plantar flex the ankle
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| tibialis anterior (extensors of ankle and foot) | proximal, lateral surface of the tibia, and interosseious membrane | medial cuneiform, and the base of the 1st metatarsal | invert the foot, dorsiflex the ankle
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| extensor digitorum longus (extensors of ankle and foot) | proximal anterior shaft of the fibula, and the interosseous membrane | middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd through 5th toes | extend the 2nd through 5th toes, dorsiflex the ankle, and evert the foot
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| extensor hallucis longus (extensors of ankle and foot) | middle anterior surface of fibula, and the interosseous membrane | distal phalange of 1st toe | extend the 1st toe, dorsiflex the ankle, and invert the foot
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| tibialis posterior (flexors of ankle and foot) | proximal posterior shaft of tibia, proximal fibula, and the interosseous membrane | navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and the bases of 2nd through 4th metatarsals | invert the foot, and plantar flex the ankle
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| flexor digitorum longus (flexor of ankle and foot) | middle posterior surface of tibia | distal phalanges of the 2nd through 5th toes | flex the 2nd though 5th toes, weak plantar flexion of the ankle, and invert the foot
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| flexor hallucis longus (flexor of ankle and foot) | middle half of posterior fibula | distal phalange of 1st toe | flex the 1st toe, weak plantar flextion of the ankle, and invert the foot
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| flexor digitorum brevis | calcaneous plantar surface | the middle phalanges of the 2nd through 5th toes | flex the middle phalanges of the 2nd though 5th toes
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| abductor hallucis | calcaneous plantar surface | proximal phalange of the 1st toe, and the medial sesamoid bone | abduct the 1st toe, and assist to flex the 1st toe
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| abductor digiti minimi | calcaneous plantar surface | proximal phalange of 5th toe lateral side | flex the 5th toe and assist to abduct the 5th toe
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| sternocleidomastoid | sternal head: top of the manubrium, clavicular head: medial 1/3 of the clavicle | mastoid process and the lateral portion of the superior nuchal line | unilat: flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate the head and neck to the opposite side, bilat: flex the neck, assist with inhilation by elevating the rib cage
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| anterior scalene | anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C3-C6 | the 1st rib | unilat: laterlly flex the head and neck to the same side when the 1st rib is fixed, rotate the head and neck to the opposite side, bilat: elevate the ribs during inhilation, flex the head and neck
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| middle scalene | transvers processes of C2-C7 | the 1st rib | unilat: with the ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate the head and neck to the opposite side, bilat: elevate the ribs during inhilation
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| posterior scalene | transverse processes of C5 and C6 | 2nd rib | unilat: with the ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate head and neck to the opposite side, bilat: elevate the ribs during inhilation
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| masseter | zygomatic arch | angle and ramus of the mandible | elevate the mandible
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| temporalis | temporal fossa and fascia | coronoid process of the mandible | elevate and retract the mandible
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| medial pterygoid | medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and the tuberosity of the maxilla | medial surface of the ramus of the mandible | unilat: laterally deviate the mandible to the opposite side, bilat: elevate the mandible, protract the mandible
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| lateral pterygoid | superior: infratemporal surface crest of greater wing of the sphenoid bone, inferior: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone | articula disc and capsule of tmj, neck of mandible | unilat: laterally deviate the mandible to the opposite side, bilat: protract the mandible
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