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Integumentary System

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Question
Answer
integument means   covering  
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integumentary system consists of   skin and appendages  
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why is the skin a membrane   because a thin layer of tissue that covers the entire body  
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what is the largest organ of the body   skin  
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what are the three main functions of skin   protection, regulation, receptors  
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first line of dense from microbes, chemicals, UV rays are all to be consider what   protection  
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what protects us to a degree   melanin  
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what is a function of regulation   body tempature  
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What is included into body tempature   radiation, conduction, convection, hypothermia, hyperthermia  
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what is hypothermia   the condition of having an abnormally low body temperature, typically one that is dangerously low.  
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what is hyperthemia   the condition of having a body temperature greatly above normal. above 104 degrees  
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what is a function of regulation   vitamin D  
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how do you get vitamin d   UV rays from the sun stimulate the production of vitamin d progenitor molecules by the skin. then molecules travel to liver and kidneys where they mature into vitamin D  
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vitamin D is essential for what   metabolism of calcium  
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what two organs mature vitamin D   kidneys and liver  
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what is a function of receptors   sensation,  
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what all does sensation include   touch/pressure, pain, warmth, cold  
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what acts as receptors for sensation   nerve endings  
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what a three types of receptors   thermoreceptors,nociceptors, mechanoreceptors  
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thermoreceptors means   temperature  
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nociceptors means   pain  
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mechanoreceptors mean   touch/pressure/strech  
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receptors send messages to where and for what   cerebral cortex for interpretation  
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merkel discs (cells) mean   touch impulses  
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pacinian corpuscles means   sense pressure and vibrations  
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messiner's corpuscles means   sense changes in texture and slow vibrations  
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ruffini corpuscles means   senses slipping and stretching  
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krause end blubs are also known as   mucocutaneous corpuscles  
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krause end bulbs mean   detect temperature  
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what are the structures of the integumentary system   epidermis, dermis, appendages of the skin  
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what is located in the dermis   subcutaneous layer  
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what is located in the appendages of the skin   sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails  
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squamous epithelium is like   scales, and is tightly packed together  
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what is the outer most layer of the skin and is avascular   epidermis  
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what is composed of the epidermis   stratified squamous keratinized epithelium  
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does the epidermis contain blood vessels   no  
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what are the layers of the epidermis (in order)   stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale  
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the deepest layer of the epidermis   stratum germinativum  
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what contains the only cells that perform mitosis   stratum germinativum  
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stratum is also known as   stratum basale  
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what is the stratum basale   layer that rests on the superficial fascia  
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what layer contains melanocytes   stratum germinativum  
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what is produced in the stratum germinativum   melanin  
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many layers and has spiny-shaped cells is known as what layer   stratum spinosum  
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stratum granulosum contains what   2-3 layers thick, flattened cells, granules accumulate here  
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where is the stratum lucidum located   just below the stratum corneum  
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stratum lucidum contains what   cells that are transparent and flat, 1-2 layers thick  
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the outermost layer of the epidermis is   startum corneum  
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stratum corneum consist of what   dead cells converted to protein  
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stratum corneum is surround by   lipids  
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what is constantly being sloughed off   dandruff  
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how is the thickness of the stratum conreum determinded   by the amount of stimulation or pressure  
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callus means   area exposed to much abrasion and friction  
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corn means   abrasions on bony prominences of the foot  
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where is dandruff being constantly sloughed off at   stratum corneum  
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what is the deeper layer of the skin   dermis  
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dermis is also known as   corium  
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where is the dermis located   below the epidermis  
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what does the dermis contain   capillary vessels, nerves, hair, collicles, and glands  
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what is the dermis composed of   loose fibrous connective tissue  
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how many layers is the dermis divided into   two  
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what are the divisions of the dermis   papillary layer and reticular layer  
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what is a subdivison of the papillary layer   dermal papilae  
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what does the dermis look like   cells loosely packed together (mostly connective tissue)  
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subcutaneous layer is also known as   hypodermis  
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what does the subcutaneous layer connect   dermis to underlying structures  
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what does the subcutaneous layer consist of   areolar and adipose tissue  
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cells that store fat are known as   adipocytes  
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subcutaneous layer does and acts as what   insulates from cold and acts as cushion for internal organs  
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whats a characteristic of all mammals   hair  
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genetic factors relate to what   amount of hair growth  
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what layer of cells is responsible for mitosis and continuously is pushed up fro the basement membrane   deepest layer  
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what does hair growth begin at   hair bulb  
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how long does scalp hair grow and rest for   grow: 3 years rest: 1-2 years  
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what allows for new hair growth   presense of the hair follicles  
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what are considered to be hair areas   cuticle, cortex, medulla, shaft, hair root, arrector pili muscle  
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cuticle means   outermost portion  
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cortex means   underneath the cuticle  
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medulla means   central portion  
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shaft means   visible portion  
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hair root means   inside hair follicle in the stratum germinativum  
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arrector pili muscle means-   attached to hair follicle  
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what controls if the hair is curly, straight, kinky   genetics  
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what is determined by heredity and some environmental factors   color of the hair  
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alopecia means   partial or complete absense of hair from areas of the body where it normally grows;baldness  
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what is excessive hairness, especially in women   hirsutism  
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onxy/onych means   nail  
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nails are made up of   very hard keratinized cells  
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what are consider nail areas   lunula, nail body, nail root, cuticle, free edge  
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lunula means   white half moor shaped area at nail base  
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nail body means   visble area  
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nail root means   inside the nail bed  
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cuticle means   layer of stratum corneum extending over the nail body  
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what are along the walls of hair follicles   sebaceous glands  
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what produces sebum   sebaceous glands  
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what are oily substances that lubricates the skin   sebum  
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vernix caseosa and acne are apart of the   sebaceous glands  
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where are sebaceous glands located   throughout the body and have the largest number in the face  
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sebaceous glands are very active during what   puberty  
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what happens to the sebaceous glands during puberty   excess sebum, glands become clogged (blackheads), and easily infected (pimples)  
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what is the largest sebaceous gland called and where is it located   meibomian gland, eyelids  
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sweat glands are also known as   sudoriferous glands  
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what are the two main types of sudoriferous glands   merocrine and apocrine  
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where are sudoriferous glands mostly found in   most body regions except margins of lips and head of penis  
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what do sudoriferous glands consist of and produces what   secretory portion and excretory and body odor  
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modified glands of the sudoriferous glands are   ceruminour, ciliary, mammary  
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where is the ceruminous glands located in   dermis of the auditory canal  
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what does the ceruminous gland secrete   yellow substance cerumen  
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what is cerumen   ear wax yellow substancce  
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what does cerumen prevent   auditory canal and tympanic membrane from drying out  
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what is the blood supply made up of   arterioles  
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what are arterioles used for   maintaining body tempertature  
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vasodilate means   increasing blood flow to the dermis, transferring heat to the skin surface to escape from the body  
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melanin, albinism, and cyanosis are all what   skin pigmenation  
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concentrations determine the variations in skin color of individuals and races as well as suntans and freckles is known as   melanin  
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recessive gene or mutation that prevents the production of melanin is known as   albinism  
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caused by a lack of blood oxygen or decreased blood flow; turns skin blueish-gray color is known as   cyanosis  
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what do langerhans cells do   attack cancer cells, phaocytize bacteria that enter through breaks in the skin, attract T-cells (important in allergic reactions)  
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ringworm   fungus; examples: athletes foot and jock itich  
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psoriasis   unknown cause, red patches covered with thick dry scales, overproduction of epithelial cells  
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warts   human papillomavirus, uncontrolled growth of epidermal tissue, direct contact  
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cold sores   herpes simplex virus, can be active or inactive  
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impetigo   staphylococcus aureus, blisters erupt with pus, direct contact, highly contagious  
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shingles   herpes zoster, remains inactive until triggered, vesicular skin eruptions  
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vitiligo   irregular patches of non-pigmented skin  
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skin cancer   UV radiation  
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types of skin cancer   basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma  
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basal cell carcinoma means   topical, easily treated  
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squamous cell carcinoma   giant tumor that contains much kertain, can spread  
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malignant melanoma   most dangerous, starts with a mole, as a dark nodule, or spreading of glat lesion  
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kaposi sarcome   rare form of skin cancer that is usually associated with AIDS  
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what is one of the most serious and frequent problems to affect the skin   burn  
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burns can happen by   heat or cold, chemicals, gases, electricity, and radiation  
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what are burns classified by   degree indicating depth of burn  
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first degree burns are   partial thickness, affects only epidermis, heals 1 week, no scaring or blisters  
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what are the symptoms of first degree burns   slight swelling, erythema, pain  
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second dgree burns involve what   epidermis and dermis  
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superficial burns include   no scare and heal in about 2 weeks  
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deep burns include   scar, long heal time, may require debridement and skin graft, and prone to infection (strict aseptic technique)  
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what are the symptoms of second degree burns   extreme pain, blisters, swelling  
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third degree burns involve what   all layers of skin plus subcutaneous tissue layer  
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what are the symptoms of third degree burn   shock, dehydration, possibly pain  
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fourth degree burns are also known as what   char burns  
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what could fourth degree burns involve   muscle, tendon, possibly damage to bone  
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what is treatment for fourth degree burns   emergency debridement, irrigation, and dressings  
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what is the treatment and recovery of a burn   all depends on the total area involved and the severity of the burn  
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"rule of nines"   determines the extent of a burn injury  
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what are symptoms of aging of skin   thickness of dermis decreases, skin less elastic, fat loss from hypodermis, sagging wrinkling of skin, decreased melanin production, blood flow to skin, vitamin D production  
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what are the results of aging of the skin   sagging/wrinkling of skin, sensitive to cold, hair turns gray, skin becomes thinner and translucent, bones become brittle  
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decubitis ulcer   pressure sore, bed sore  
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