Integumentary System
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integument means | covering
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integumentary system consists of | skin and appendages
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why is the skin a membrane | because a thin layer of tissue that covers the entire body
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what is the largest organ of the body | skin
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what are the three main functions of skin | protection, regulation, receptors
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first line of dense from microbes, chemicals, UV rays are all to be consider what | protection
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what protects us to a degree | melanin
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what is a function of regulation | body tempature
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What is included into body tempature | radiation, conduction, convection, hypothermia, hyperthermia
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what is hypothermia | the condition of having an abnormally low body temperature, typically one that is dangerously low.
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what is hyperthemia | the condition of having a body temperature greatly above normal. above 104 degrees
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what is a function of regulation | vitamin D
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how do you get vitamin d | UV rays from the sun stimulate the production of vitamin d progenitor molecules by the skin. then molecules travel to liver and kidneys where they mature into vitamin D
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vitamin D is essential for what | metabolism of calcium
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what two organs mature vitamin D | kidneys and liver
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what is a function of receptors | sensation,
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what all does sensation include | touch/pressure, pain, warmth, cold
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what acts as receptors for sensation | nerve endings
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what a three types of receptors | thermoreceptors,nociceptors, mechanoreceptors
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thermoreceptors means | temperature
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nociceptors means | pain
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mechanoreceptors mean | touch/pressure/strech
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receptors send messages to where and for what | cerebral cortex for interpretation
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merkel discs (cells) mean | touch impulses
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pacinian corpuscles means | sense pressure and vibrations
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messiner's corpuscles means | sense changes in texture and slow vibrations
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ruffini corpuscles means | senses slipping and stretching
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krause end blubs are also known as | mucocutaneous corpuscles
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krause end bulbs mean | detect temperature
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what are the structures of the integumentary system | epidermis, dermis, appendages of the skin
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what is located in the dermis | subcutaneous layer
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what is located in the appendages of the skin | sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails
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squamous epithelium is like | scales, and is tightly packed together
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what is the outer most layer of the skin and is avascular | epidermis
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what is composed of the epidermis | stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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does the epidermis contain blood vessels | no
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what are the layers of the epidermis (in order) | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
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the deepest layer of the epidermis | stratum germinativum
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what contains the only cells that perform mitosis | stratum germinativum
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stratum is also known as | stratum basale
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what is the stratum basale | layer that rests on the superficial fascia
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what layer contains melanocytes | stratum germinativum
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what is produced in the stratum germinativum | melanin
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many layers and has spiny-shaped cells is known as what layer | stratum spinosum
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stratum granulosum contains what | 2-3 layers thick, flattened cells, granules accumulate here
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where is the stratum lucidum located | just below the stratum corneum
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stratum lucidum contains what | cells that are transparent and flat, 1-2 layers thick
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the outermost layer of the epidermis is | startum corneum
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stratum corneum consist of what | dead cells converted to protein
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stratum corneum is surround by | lipids
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what is constantly being sloughed off | dandruff
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how is the thickness of the stratum conreum determinded | by the amount of stimulation or pressure
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callus means | area exposed to much abrasion and friction
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corn means | abrasions on bony prominences of the foot
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where is dandruff being constantly sloughed off at | stratum corneum
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what is the deeper layer of the skin | dermis
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dermis is also known as | corium
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where is the dermis located | below the epidermis
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what does the dermis contain | capillary vessels, nerves, hair, collicles, and glands
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what is the dermis composed of | loose fibrous connective tissue
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how many layers is the dermis divided into | two
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what are the divisions of the dermis | papillary layer and reticular layer
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what is a subdivison of the papillary layer | dermal papilae
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what does the dermis look like | cells loosely packed together (mostly connective tissue)
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subcutaneous layer is also known as | hypodermis
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what does the subcutaneous layer connect | dermis to underlying structures
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what does the subcutaneous layer consist of | areolar and adipose tissue
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cells that store fat are known as | adipocytes
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subcutaneous layer does and acts as what | insulates from cold and acts as cushion for internal organs
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whats a characteristic of all mammals | hair
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genetic factors relate to what | amount of hair growth
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what layer of cells is responsible for mitosis and continuously is pushed up fro the basement membrane | deepest layer
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what does hair growth begin at | hair bulb
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how long does scalp hair grow and rest for | grow: 3 years rest: 1-2 years
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what allows for new hair growth | presense of the hair follicles
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what are considered to be hair areas | cuticle, cortex, medulla, shaft, hair root, arrector pili muscle
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cuticle means | outermost portion
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cortex means | underneath the cuticle
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medulla means | central portion
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shaft means | visible portion
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hair root means | inside hair follicle in the stratum germinativum
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arrector pili muscle means- | attached to hair follicle
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what controls if the hair is curly, straight, kinky | genetics
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what is determined by heredity and some environmental factors | color of the hair
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alopecia means | partial or complete absense of hair from areas of the body where it normally grows;baldness
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what is excessive hairness, especially in women | hirsutism
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onxy/onych means | nail
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nails are made up of | very hard keratinized cells
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what are consider nail areas | lunula, nail body, nail root, cuticle, free edge
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lunula means | white half moor shaped area at nail base
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nail body means | visble area
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nail root means | inside the nail bed
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cuticle means | layer of stratum corneum extending over the nail body
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what are along the walls of hair follicles | sebaceous glands
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what produces sebum | sebaceous glands
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what are oily substances that lubricates the skin | sebum
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vernix caseosa and acne are apart of the | sebaceous glands
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where are sebaceous glands located | throughout the body and have the largest number in the face
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sebaceous glands are very active during what | puberty
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what happens to the sebaceous glands during puberty | excess sebum, glands become clogged (blackheads), and easily infected (pimples)
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what is the largest sebaceous gland called and where is it located | meibomian gland, eyelids
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sweat glands are also known as | sudoriferous glands
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what are the two main types of sudoriferous glands | merocrine and apocrine
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where are sudoriferous glands mostly found in | most body regions except margins of lips and head of penis
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what do sudoriferous glands consist of and produces what | secretory portion and excretory and body odor
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modified glands of the sudoriferous glands are | ceruminour, ciliary, mammary
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where is the ceruminous glands located in | dermis of the auditory canal
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what does the ceruminous gland secrete | yellow substance cerumen
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what is cerumen | ear wax yellow substancce
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what does cerumen prevent | auditory canal and tympanic membrane from drying out
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what is the blood supply made up of | arterioles
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what are arterioles used for | maintaining body tempertature
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vasodilate means | increasing blood flow to the dermis, transferring heat to the skin surface to escape from the body
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melanin, albinism, and cyanosis are all what | skin pigmenation
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concentrations determine the variations in skin color of individuals and races as well as suntans and freckles is known as | melanin
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recessive gene or mutation that prevents the production of melanin is known as | albinism
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caused by a lack of blood oxygen or decreased blood flow; turns skin blueish-gray color is known as | cyanosis
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what do langerhans cells do | attack cancer cells, phaocytize bacteria that enter through breaks in the skin, attract T-cells (important in allergic reactions)
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ringworm | fungus; examples: athletes foot and jock itich
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psoriasis | unknown cause, red patches covered with thick dry scales, overproduction of epithelial cells
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warts | human papillomavirus, uncontrolled growth of epidermal tissue, direct contact
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cold sores | herpes simplex virus, can be active or inactive
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impetigo | staphylococcus aureus, blisters erupt with pus, direct contact, highly contagious
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shingles | herpes zoster, remains inactive until triggered, vesicular skin eruptions
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vitiligo | irregular patches of non-pigmented skin
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skin cancer | UV radiation
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types of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
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basal cell carcinoma means | topical, easily treated
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squamous cell carcinoma | giant tumor that contains much kertain, can spread
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malignant melanoma | most dangerous, starts with a mole, as a dark nodule, or spreading of glat lesion
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kaposi sarcome | rare form of skin cancer that is usually associated with AIDS
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what is one of the most serious and frequent problems to affect the skin | burn
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burns can happen by | heat or cold, chemicals, gases, electricity, and radiation
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what are burns classified by | degree indicating depth of burn
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first degree burns are | partial thickness, affects only epidermis, heals 1 week, no scaring or blisters
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what are the symptoms of first degree burns | slight swelling, erythema, pain
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second dgree burns involve what | epidermis and dermis
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superficial burns include | no scare and heal in about 2 weeks
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deep burns include | scar, long heal time, may require debridement and skin graft, and prone to infection (strict aseptic technique)
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what are the symptoms of second degree burns | extreme pain, blisters, swelling
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third degree burns involve what | all layers of skin plus subcutaneous tissue layer
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what are the symptoms of third degree burn | shock, dehydration, possibly pain
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fourth degree burns are also known as what | char burns
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what could fourth degree burns involve | muscle, tendon, possibly damage to bone
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what is treatment for fourth degree burns | emergency debridement, irrigation, and dressings
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what is the treatment and recovery of a burn | all depends on the total area involved and the severity of the burn
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"rule of nines" | determines the extent of a burn injury
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what are symptoms of aging of skin | thickness of dermis decreases, skin less elastic, fat loss from hypodermis, sagging wrinkling of skin, decreased melanin production, blood flow to skin, vitamin D production
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what are the results of aging of the skin | sagging/wrinkling of skin, sensitive to cold, hair turns gray, skin becomes thinner and translucent, bones become brittle
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decubitis ulcer | pressure sore, bed sore
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