Final Exam Vocab
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| biology | the science that studies living organisms
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| zoology | A branch of biology that is concerned with the scientific study of animals
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| entomology | the branch of zoology that studies insects
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| paleontology | the branch of biology that studies the forms of life that existed in former geologic periods
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| herpetology | the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians
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| lepidoptology | the branch of entomology dealing with insects that includes the butterflies, skippers, and moths
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| astronomy | the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole
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| geology | a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks
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| seismology | the study of earthquakes and the interior of the Earth
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| physics | the science of matter and energy and their interactions
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| quasar | the highly luminous core of a remote galaxy, thought to be powered by a supermassive black hole
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| superconductors | materials that lose all resistance to the flow of current at low temperatures
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| milli- | one-thousandth
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| nano- | one-billionth
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| micro- (μ) | one-millionth
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| significant figures | the number of digits in a number, starting from the first non-zero digit and including final zeros (eg 0,0012340 has 5 significant figures)
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| element | a pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
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| mixture | two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined
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| kinetic theory | a theory that gases consist of small particles in random motion
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| renewable | resources able to be sustained or renewed indefinitely, either because of inexhaustible supplies or because of new growth
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| compound | a substance made up of two or more elements that are combined chemically
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| Boyle’s Law | a statement of the relationship between the pressure and volume of a constant amount of gas at constant temperature: P = 1/V
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| nucleus | the core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, which contains most of its mass
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| evaporation | the process by which a liquid changes to a gas or vapor
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| H20 | the chemical equation for the compound water
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| oxide | a compound of oxygen with one or more metallic elements
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| atomic mass | approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of an atom
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| Bohr model | the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus -- similar in structure to the solar system
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| modern atomic model | (blank)
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| inert | the word inert is used to describe the elements in group eight. They all have enough electrons to fill their outer shell. Inert gases are very non-reactive
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| covalent bonds | a chemical bond formed when two atoms share two electrons (usually involving gasses)
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| noble gas | the elements in the furthest right column of the periodic table, they all have filled outer shells and are very non-reactive
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| isotopes | atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
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| exothermic | a chemical reaction in which heat is released
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| plates | rigid slabs that make up the Earth's crust
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| metamorphic rock | rock that has been physically altered by heat and/or pressure
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| igneous rock | rock formed when molten (melted) materials harden
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| sedimentary rock | rock formed by layers of material that has accumulated and hardened over time
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| lithosphere | the uppermost layer of the earth, which consists of all solid rock. It includes both the crust and the upper mantle
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| Wegener’s theory | German geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift
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| erosion | removal of weathered rocks by moving water, wind, ice, or gravity
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| conductivity | the ability of a material to transfer energy from one place to another. Thermal conductivity describes a substances ability to transmit heat. Electrical conductivity describes a substances ability to transmit electrical current
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| galaxy | a cluster of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity, often containing billions of stars
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| concentration | number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
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| fusion | a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
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| force formula | Force = mass * acceleration
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| Newton’s 3rd Law | for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
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| Newton’s 1st Law | an object in motion will remain in motion and an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by another force
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| Inertia | the tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest, and of an object in motion to remain in motion
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| Law of Conservation of Energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed- only changed from one form to another
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| Kinetic energy | energy that an object has a result of its motion. Mathematically, it is defined as one-half the product of the object's mass and the square of its speed
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| Potential energy | energy stored in an object due to its position. Mathematically it is defined as the object’s mass * gravitational acceleration (9.81) * height above ground
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| Work | the energy resulting from a force acting to move an object over a distance. Work = Force x distance
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| Reflection | the change in direction (or return) of waves striking a surface, if surface is a plane then the angle of reflection is also the angle of incidence
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