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| Acculturation |
The process by which an ethnic group changes in order to function in the host society. / Cultural modifications or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a dominant or host society; cultural development or change through |
| Assimilation |
The loss of all ethnic traits and complete blending into the host society./A two-part behavioral and structural process by which a minority population reduces or loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society. |
| Cultural adaptation |
The concept, central to cultural ecology, that culture is the uniquely human method of meeting physical environmental challenges -- that culture is an adaptive system. |
| Cultural core/periphery pattern |
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| Cultural Ecology |
Broadly defined, the study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture; narrowly (and more commonly) defined, the study of culture as an adaptive system serving to facilitate human adaptation to nature and environmental change. |
| Cultural identity |
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| Cultural Landscape |
the artificial landscape; the visible human imprint on the land. The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a culture group or society, the built environment. |
| Cultural Realm |
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| Culture |
A total way of life held in common by a group of people, including such learned features as speech, ideology, behavior, livelihood, technology, and government./ |
| Culture Region |
An area occupied by people who have something in common culturally; or a spatial unit that functions politically, socially, or economically as a distinct entity./A formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail. It may b |
| Formal-- core, periphery |
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| Functional--node |
A region differentiated by what occurs within it rather than by a homogeneity of physical or cultural phenomena; an earth area recognized as an operational unit based upon defined organizational criteria. The concept of unit is based on interaction and i |
| Vernacular (perceptual)--regional self-awareness |
A region perceived to exist by its inhabitants; based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large; bearing a generally accepted name or nickname./A region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, usually with a popularly given or acce |
| Expansion Diffusion |
The spread of innovations within an area in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers become greater and the area of occurrence grows./The spread of ideas, behaviors, or articles through a culture area or from one culture to neighboring a |
| Relocation Diffusion |
The spread of an innovation or other element of culture that occurs with the bodily relocation (migration) of an individual or group that has the idea./The transfer of ideas, behaviors, or articles from one place to another through the migration of those |
| Innovation adoption |
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| Maladaptive diffusion |
bad adapatations diffuse |
| Sequent occupance |
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| Adaptive Strategies |
The unique way each culture utilizes its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life -- food, clothing, shelter, and the defense. |
| Anglo-American Landscape |
England type landscape |
| characteristics |
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| Architectural form |
how people build buildings based on their culture |
| Built environment |
That part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape. |
| Folk culture |
A small, cohesive, stable, isolated, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race; characterized by a strong family or clan structure; order maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family; little division of labor othe |
| Folk food |
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| Folk house |
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| Folk songs |
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| Folklore |
Nonmaterial folk culture; the teachings and wisdom of a folk group; the traditional tales, sayings, beliefs, and superstitions that are transmitted orally./Oral traditions of folk culture, including talks, fables, legends, customary observations, and mora |
| Material Culture |
All physical, material objects made and used by members of a cultural group, such as clothing, buildings, tools and utensils, instruments, furniture, and artwork; the visible aspect of culture./ |
| Nonmaterial culture |
Includes the oral aspect of a culture, such as songs, dialect, tales, beliefs, and customs./The oral traditional, songs, and stories of a culture group along with its beliefs and customary behaviors. |
| Popular culture |
A dynamic culture based on large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; produc |
| Survey systems |
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| Traditional Architecture |
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| Creole |
A language developed from a pidgin to become the native tongue of a society. |
| Dialect |
A distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers of other dialects of that language; a subtype of a language./ |
| Indo-European Languages |
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| Isogloss |
The border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation./A mapped boundary line marking the limits of a particular linguistic feature. |
| Language |
A distinctive form of speech that is not mutually intelligible to the speakers of other languages./The system of words, their pronunciation, and methods of combination used and mutually understood by a community of individuals. |
| Language family |
A group of related languages derived from a common ancestor./A group of languages thought to have descended from a singe, common ancestral language. |
| Language Group |
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| Language subfamily |
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| Lingua franca |
An existing, well-established language used widely where it is not a mother tongue, for the purposes of government, trade, business, and other contacts among persons./ |
| Linguistic diversity |
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| Monolingual/multilingual |
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| Official Language |
/A governmentally designated language of instruction, of government, of the courts, and other official public and private communication.
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| Pidgin |
A composite language consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in international commerce./ |
| Toponymy |
The place names of a region or, especially, the study of place names. |
| Trade Language |
Lingua Franca |
| Animism |
The belief that inanimate objects, such as trees, rocks, and rivers, possess souls./A belief that natural objects may be the abode of dead people, spirits, or gods who occasionally give the objects the appearance of life. |
| Buddhism |
The religion represented by the many groups, especially numerous in Asia, that profess varying forms of this doctrine and that venerate Buddha. |
| Cargo cult pilgrimage |
worship of cargo |
| Christianity |
A monotheistic, universalizing religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and of the Bible as sacred scripture. |
| Confucianism |
A map projection employing a cone placed tangent or secant to the globe as the presumed developable surface. |
| Ethinic religion |
A religion identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group; does not seek converts./A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it. Such a religion does not seek converts. |
| Exclave/ enclave |
A piece of a country separated from the main body of it by the intervening territory of another country./A portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country./A piece of territory surrounded by, but not part of, |
| Fundamentalism |
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| Geomancy (feng shui) |
A traditional East Asian form of environmental perception, also called <<feng-shui>>, by which particular configurations of terrain, compass directions, soil textures, and watercourse patterns become more auspicious than others, influencing the siteing of |
| Hadj |
Muslim pilgrimage to MECCA |
| Hinduism |
An ancient and now dominant value system and religion of India, closely identified with Indian culture but without central creed, single doctrine, or religious organization. |
| Interfaith boundaries |
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| Islam |
A monotheistic, universalizing religion that includes belief in Allah as the sole deity and in Mohammed as his prophet completing the work of earlier prophets of Judaism and Christianity. |
| Jainism |
branch of buddism that doesnt believe in harming anything |
| Judaism |
A monotheistic, ethnic religion first developed among the Hebrew people of the ancient Near East; its determining conditions include descent from Israel (Jacob), the Torah (law and scripture), and tradition. |
| Landscapes of the Dead |
how you bury your deade |
| Monothiem/polytheism |
The worship of only one god./The belief that there is but a single God./The worship of many gods. /Belief in or worship of many gods. |
| Mormonism |
Latter day saints- majority found in Utah. |
| Muslim pilgrimage |
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| Muslim population |
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| Proselytic religion |
A religion that actively seeks converts and has the goal of converting all humankind. |
| Reincarnation |
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| Religion (groups, places) |
A social system involving a set of beliefs and practices through which people seek harmony with the universe and attempt to influence the forces of nature, life, and death./A personal or institutionalized system of worship and of faith in the sacred and d |
| Religous architectural styles |
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| Religious conflict |
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| Religious culture hearth |
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| Religious toponym |
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| Sacred space |
An area recognized by a religious group as worthy of devotion, loyalty, esteem, or fear, or the extent that it becomes sought out, avoided, inaccessible to the nonbeliever, and/or removed from economic use. |
| Secularism |
/A rejection of or indifference to religion and religious practice. |
| Shamanism |
/A form of tribal religion based on belief in a hidden world of gods, ancestral spirits, and demons responsive only to a shaman, or interceding priest. |
| Sharia law |
muslim law / foundation of muslim laws |
| Shintoism |
The polytheistic, ethnic religion of Japan that includes reverence of deities of natural forces and veneration of the emperor as descendent of the sun-goddess. |
| Sikhism |
mixes hinduism and islam |
| Sunni/Shia |
the 2 major divisions of islam |
| Taoism |
A Chinese value system and ethnic religion emphasizing conformity to Tao (Way), the creative reality ordering the universe. |
| Theocracy |
A government guided by a religion. |
| Universalizing |
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| Zoroastrianism |
persian religion believes in good vs. evil |
| Acculturation |
The process by which an ethnic group changes in order to function in the host society. |
| Adaptive strategy |
The unique way each culture utilizes its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life -- food, clothing, shelter, and the defense. |
| Assimilation |
The loss of all ethnic traits and complete blending into the host society./A two-part behavioral and structural process by which a minority population reduces or loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society. |
| Barrio |
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| Chain migration |
The tendency of people to migrate along channels, over a period of time from specific source areas to specific destinations./The process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship o |
| Cultural adaptation |
The concept, central to cultural ecology, that culture is the uniquely human method of meeting physical environmental challenges -- that culture is an adaptive system |
| Cultural shatterbelt |
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| Ethnic Cleansing |
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| Ethnic conflict |
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| Ethnic enclave |
A small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture. |
| Ethnic group |
A group of people sharing common ancestry and cultural tradition living as a minority in a larger society./People sharing a distinctive culture, frequently based on common national origin, religion, language, or race. |
| Ethnic Homeland |
A sizeable area inhabited by an ethnic minority exhibiting a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercising some measure of political and social control over it. |
| Ethnic Landscape |
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| Ethnic neighborhood |
An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background; a voluntary segregation of urban people along ethnic lines. |
| Ethnicity |
/Ethnic quality; affiliation with a group whose racial, cultural, religious, or linguistic characteristics or national origins distinguish it from a larger population within which it is found. |
| ethnocentrism |
/Conviction of the evident superiority of one's own ethnic group.
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| Ghetto |
A segregated ethnic area within a city, caused by residential discrimination against the will of the people involved./A forced or voluntary segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority. |
| Plural Society |
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| Race |
/A subset of human population whose members share certain distinctive, inherited biological characteristics. |
| Segregation |
/A measure of the degree to which members of a minority group are not uniformly distributed among the total population. |
| Social Distance |
A measure of the perceived degree of social separation between individuals, ethnic groups, neighborhoods, or other groupings; the voluntary or enforced segregation of two or more distinct social groups for most activities. |
| Dowry Death |
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| Enfranchisement |
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| Gender |
/In the cultural sense, a reference to socially created -- not biologically based -- distinctions between femininity and masculinity. |
| Gender gap |
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| Infanticide |
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| Longevity gap |
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| Matenal mortality rate |
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