A & P Chapter 19 - Blood
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| Function of Blood | Transportation, Regulation, Protection
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| Functions of Transportation | 02 nutrients to cells; wastes from cells to lungs, liver and kidnesy for excretion; heat away from cells; hormones
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| Functions of Regulation | pH through buffers; temperature through heat-absorbing & coolant properties of its H2O content and variable rate of flow through skin; water content of cells through dissolved ions and proteins (osmotic pressure)
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| Functions of Protection | Blood loss; foreign microbes & toxins
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| Average pH of blood | 7.4
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| Blood composition | 45% formed elements & 55% plasma
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| Blood characteristics | 5 times more viscous & slightly heaver than H2O; temperature normally 38C; about 8% of total body weight
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| Ways for withdrawing blood | Venipuncture; figner stick & arterial stick
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| Venipuncture | Withdraw blood from vein
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| Finger stick | A drop or two of blood is removed from a finger, ear lobe or heel of foot
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| Arterial stick | Sample of blood taken from the radial artery (wrist) or femoral artery (groin)
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| Hematopoiesis | Formation of blood cells
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| 5 cell types that develop from hemoctyoblasts | Proerythoblasts, Myeloblasts, Monoblasts, Lymphoblasts & Megakaryoblasts
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| Proerythoblasts | Form erythrocytes
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| Myeloblasts | Form neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
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| Monoblasts | Form monocytes
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| Lymphoblasts | Form lymphocytes
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| Megakaryoblasts | Form thrombocytes
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| Erythrocytes | Biconcave discs; 8mm in diameter; lack nuclei & cannot reproduce themselves; hB is 33% of cell weight
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| Erythropoiesis | Formation of RBC's only
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| Stages in development of RBC's | Hemocytoblast -> erythroblast -> reticulocte -> RBC
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| Sickle cell anemia | abnormal Hb molecule. Cells become sickle shaped when exposed to low oxygen concentration, block up tissues and organs.
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| Types of Anemia | Sickle cell, Hemorrhagic, Aplastic, Hypochromic; Hemolytic
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| Hemorrhagic | Due to loss of blood
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| Aplastic | Due to a defect in the red bone marrow resulting in a decrease in the production of RBC's
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| Hypochromic | RBC's are light colored because of decreased hemoglobin
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| Hemolytic | Rapid destruction of RBC's
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| Polycythemia | Abnormally high number of RBC's that increased the viscosity of th eblood, causing it to flow sluggishly.
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| Blood doping | Artificially induced polycythemia
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| How blood doping occurs | RBC's drawn off; Erythropoietin mechanism is triggered, quickly replacing lost RBC's; shortly before event, the stored RBC's is reinfused resulting in a temporary polycythemia; increased oxygen carrying capacity should result in greater endurance
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| Leukocytes | Transported by circulatory system but perform most of their work outside it. Leave blood vessels by diapedesis
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| Granulocytes | WBC's that have obvious granuels in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils
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| Neutrophils | 54-62% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains pink granules. Nucleus is 2-5 lobed
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| Eoxinophils | 1-3% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains red granules. Nucleus is bilobed.
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| Basophiles | Less than 1%. of WBC's. Cytoplasmic granules stain dark blue.
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| Granules contain: | Histamine & Heparin
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| Histamine | Causes increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
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| Heparin | Anticoagulant
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| Agranulocytes | cytoplasm lacks conspicuous granules. Lymphocytes & Monocytes
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| Lymphocytes | 20-25% of WBC's Large round nucleus with little cytoplasm
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| Monocytes | 3-9% of WBC's. Larges of all WBC's. Bean shaped nucleus
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| Leukocytosis | WBC count > 10,000: indicates acute infection
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| Leukopenia | WBC count < 5,000; Seen in viral infections, flue, chicken pox, measles, & polio
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| Differential WBC Count | look at relative of WBC's
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| Plasma | Liquid portion of blood. Is 92% water with dissolved electrolytes/molecule
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| Functions of plasma | Transports nutrients & wastes; regulates fluid & electrolyte balance and regulation of pH
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| Three types of plasma proteins | Albumin, Globulins & Fibrinogen
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| Albumin | 60% of plasma proteins. Made in liver, function to maintain osmotic pressure, regulates water balance between blood & tissues.
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| Globulins | 36% of plasma proteins. Alpha & beta - made in liver; transports lipids & fat soluble substances through blood. Gamma - antibodies, made by the lymphatic system
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| Fibrinogen | 4% of plasma proteins. Functions in clotting
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| Inflammation | Localized response to trauma, heat, infections and chemicals. Occurs mainly in the CT
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| Funcitons of inflammation | Prevent spread of infections; destroy foreign substances & promote healing
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| Thrombus | A blood clot which forms in a vessel abnormally
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| Embolus | A clot or a piece of a clot which is moving through the blood.
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| Hemophilia | Hereditary - Males affected primarily. Several types, but all involve the absence of a clotting factor in the blood
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| Hematocrit | % of blood cells in a volume of blood
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| Hemoglobing (Hb) | the protein part of RBC's which contains Fe and is the molecule which carries oxygen
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| Clotting time | Time required for a blood to clot after it is removed from the body (3-8 minutes)
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| Bleeding time | Time for a small, sharp incision to stop bleeding (1-3 minutes)
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| Complete Blood Count (CBC) | Test where all of the following are looked at: HCT, Hb, RBC, WBC, differential WBC
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| Agglutination | The clumping of RBC;s following a transfusion
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| Agglutinogens | Antigens in RBC membranes
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| Agglutinins | Antibodies dissolved in the plasma
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| Blood typing | Involves identifying the agglutinogens that are present on a person's RBC's
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| Blood Type A | Protein: A; Antibodies: B; Transfusions: A & O
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| Blood Type B | Protein: B; Antibodies: A; Transfusions: B & O
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| Blood Type AB | Protein: A & B; Antibodies: Neither A or B; Transfusions: A, B, AB & O
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| Blood Type O | Protein: Neither A or B; Antibodies: Both A & B; Transfusions: Only O
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