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A & P Chapter 19 - Blood

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Function of Blood   Transportation, Regulation, Protection  
Functions of Transportation   02 nutrients to cells; wastes from cells to lungs, liver and kidnesy for excretion; heat away from cells; hormones  
Functions of Regulation   pH through buffers; temperature through heat-absorbing & coolant properties of its H2O content and variable rate of flow through skin; water content of cells through dissolved ions and proteins (osmotic pressure)  
Functions of Protection   Blood loss; foreign microbes & toxins  
Average pH of blood   7.4  
Blood composition   45% formed elements & 55% plasma  
Blood characteristics   5 times more viscous & slightly heaver than H2O; temperature normally 38C; about 8% of total body weight  
Ways for withdrawing blood   Venipuncture; figner stick & arterial stick  
Venipuncture   Withdraw blood from vein  
Finger stick   A drop or two of blood is removed from a finger, ear lobe or heel of foot  
Arterial stick   Sample of blood taken from the radial artery (wrist) or femoral artery (groin)  
Hematopoiesis   Formation of blood cells  
5 cell types that develop from hemoctyoblasts   Proerythoblasts, Myeloblasts, Monoblasts, Lymphoblasts & Megakaryoblasts  
Proerythoblasts   Form erythrocytes  
Myeloblasts   Form neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils  
Monoblasts   Form monocytes  
Lymphoblasts   Form lymphocytes  
Megakaryoblasts   Form thrombocytes  
Erythrocytes   Biconcave discs; 8mm in diameter; lack nuclei & cannot reproduce themselves; hB is 33% of cell weight  
Erythropoiesis   Formation of RBC's only  
Stages in development of RBC's   Hemocytoblast -> erythroblast -> reticulocte -> RBC  
Sickle cell anemia   abnormal Hb molecule. Cells become sickle shaped when exposed to low oxygen concentration, block up tissues and organs.  
Types of Anemia   Sickle cell, Hemorrhagic, Aplastic, Hypochromic; Hemolytic  
Hemorrhagic   Due to loss of blood  
Aplastic   Due to a defect in the red bone marrow resulting in a decrease in the production of RBC's  
Hypochromic   RBC's are light colored because of decreased hemoglobin  
Hemolytic   Rapid destruction of RBC's  
Polycythemia   Abnormally high number of RBC's that increased the viscosity of th eblood, causing it to flow sluggishly.  
Blood doping   Artificially induced polycythemia  
How blood doping occurs   RBC's drawn off; Erythropoietin mechanism is triggered, quickly replacing lost RBC's; shortly before event, the stored RBC's is reinfused resulting in a temporary polycythemia; increased oxygen carrying capacity should result in greater endurance  
Leukocytes   Transported by circulatory system but perform most of their work outside it. Leave blood vessels by diapedesis  
Granulocytes   WBC's that have obvious granuels in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils  
Neutrophils   54-62% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains pink granules. Nucleus is 2-5 lobed  
Eoxinophils   1-3% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains red granules. Nucleus is bilobed.  
Basophiles   Less than 1%. of WBC's. Cytoplasmic granules stain dark blue.  
Granules contain:   Histamine & Heparin  
Histamine   Causes increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability  
Heparin   Anticoagulant  
Agranulocytes   cytoplasm lacks conspicuous granules. Lymphocytes & Monocytes  
Lymphocytes   20-25% of WBC's Large round nucleus with little cytoplasm  
Monocytes   3-9% of WBC's. Larges of all WBC's. Bean shaped nucleus  
Leukocytosis   WBC count > 10,000: indicates acute infection  
Leukopenia   WBC count < 5,000; Seen in viral infections, flue, chicken pox, measles, & polio  
Differential WBC Count   look at relative of WBC's  
Plasma   Liquid portion of blood. Is 92% water with dissolved electrolytes/molecule  
Functions of plasma   Transports nutrients & wastes; regulates fluid & electrolyte balance and regulation of pH  
Three types of plasma proteins   Albumin, Globulins & Fibrinogen  
Albumin   60% of plasma proteins. Made in liver, function to maintain osmotic pressure, regulates water balance between blood & tissues.  
Globulins   36% of plasma proteins. Alpha & beta - made in liver; transports lipids & fat soluble substances through blood. Gamma - antibodies, made by the lymphatic system  
Fibrinogen   4% of plasma proteins. Functions in clotting  
Inflammation   Localized response to trauma, heat, infections and chemicals. Occurs mainly in the CT  
Funcitons of inflammation   Prevent spread of infections; destroy foreign substances & promote healing  
Thrombus   A blood clot which forms in a vessel abnormally  
Embolus   A clot or a piece of a clot which is moving through the blood.  
Hemophilia   Hereditary - Males affected primarily. Several types, but all involve the absence of a clotting factor in the blood  
Hematocrit   % of blood cells in a volume of blood  
Hemoglobing (Hb)   the protein part of RBC's which contains Fe and is the molecule which carries oxygen  
Clotting time   Time required for a blood to clot after it is removed from the body (3-8 minutes)  
Bleeding time   Time for a small, sharp incision to stop bleeding (1-3 minutes)  
Complete Blood Count (CBC)   Test where all of the following are looked at: HCT, Hb, RBC, WBC, differential WBC  
Agglutination   The clumping of RBC;s following a transfusion  
Agglutinogens   Antigens in RBC membranes  
Agglutinins   Antibodies dissolved in the plasma  
Blood typing   Involves identifying the agglutinogens that are present on a person's RBC's  
Blood Type A   Protein: A; Antibodies: B; Transfusions: A & O  
Blood Type B   Protein: B; Antibodies: A; Transfusions: B & O  
Blood Type AB   Protein: A & B; Antibodies: Neither A or B; Transfusions: A, B, AB & O  
Blood Type O   Protein: Neither A or B; Antibodies: Both A & B; Transfusions: Only O  


   


 

 

 

 

 

 
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