| Question |
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| Answer |
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| Function of Blood |
Transportation, Regulation, Protection |
| Functions of Transportation |
02 nutrients to cells; wastes from cells to lungs, liver and kidnesy for excretion; heat away from cells; hormones |
| Functions of Regulation |
pH through buffers; temperature through heat-absorbing & coolant properties of its H2O content and variable rate of flow through skin; water content of cells through dissolved ions and proteins (osmotic pressure) |
| Functions of Protection |
Blood loss; foreign microbes & toxins |
| Average pH of blood |
7.4 |
| Blood composition |
45% formed elements & 55% plasma |
| Blood characteristics |
5 times more viscous & slightly heaver than H2O; temperature normally 38C; about 8% of total body weight |
| Ways for withdrawing blood |
Venipuncture; figner stick & arterial stick |
| Venipuncture |
Withdraw blood from vein |
| Finger stick |
A drop or two of blood is removed from a finger, ear lobe or heel of foot |
| Arterial stick |
Sample of blood taken from the radial artery (wrist) or femoral artery (groin) |
| Hematopoiesis |
Formation of blood cells |
| 5 cell types that develop from hemoctyoblasts |
Proerythoblasts, Myeloblasts, Monoblasts, Lymphoblasts & Megakaryoblasts |
| Proerythoblasts |
Form erythrocytes |
| Myeloblasts |
Form neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils |
| Monoblasts |
Form monocytes |
| Lymphoblasts |
Form lymphocytes |
| Megakaryoblasts |
Form thrombocytes |
| Erythrocytes |
Biconcave discs; 8mm in diameter; lack nuclei & cannot reproduce themselves; hB is 33% of cell weight |
| Erythropoiesis |
Formation of RBC's only |
| Stages in development of RBC's |
Hemocytoblast -> erythroblast -> reticulocte -> RBC |
| Sickle cell anemia |
abnormal Hb molecule. Cells become sickle shaped when exposed to low oxygen concentration, block up tissues and organs. |
| Types of Anemia |
Sickle cell, Hemorrhagic, Aplastic, Hypochromic; Hemolytic |
| Hemorrhagic |
Due to loss of blood |
| Aplastic |
Due to a defect in the red bone marrow resulting in a decrease in the production of RBC's |
| Hypochromic |
RBC's are light colored because of decreased hemoglobin |
| Hemolytic |
Rapid destruction of RBC's |
| Polycythemia |
Abnormally high number of RBC's that increased the viscosity of th eblood, causing it to flow sluggishly. |
| Blood doping |
Artificially induced polycythemia |
| How blood doping occurs |
RBC's drawn off; Erythropoietin mechanism is triggered, quickly replacing lost RBC's; shortly before event, the stored RBC's is reinfused resulting in a temporary polycythemia; increased oxygen carrying capacity should result in greater endurance |
| Leukocytes |
Transported by circulatory system but perform most of their work outside it. Leave blood vessels by diapedesis |
| Granulocytes |
WBC's that have obvious granuels in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils |
| Neutrophils |
54-62% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains pink granules. Nucleus is 2-5 lobed |
| Eoxinophils |
1-3% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains red granules. Nucleus is bilobed. |
| Basophiles |
Less than 1%. of WBC's. Cytoplasmic granules stain dark blue. |
| Granules contain: |
Histamine & Heparin |
| Histamine |
Causes increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability |
| Heparin |
Anticoagulant |
| Agranulocytes |
cytoplasm lacks conspicuous granules. Lymphocytes & Monocytes |
| Lymphocytes |
20-25% of WBC's Large round nucleus with little cytoplasm |
| Monocytes |
3-9% of WBC's. Larges of all WBC's. Bean shaped nucleus |
| Leukocytosis |
WBC count > 10,000: indicates acute infection |
| Leukopenia |
WBC count < 5,000; Seen in viral infections, flue, chicken pox, measles, & polio |
| Differential WBC Count |
look at relative of WBC's |
| Plasma |
Liquid portion of blood. Is 92% water with dissolved electrolytes/molecule |
| Functions of plasma |
Transports nutrients & wastes; regulates fluid & electrolyte balance and regulation of pH |
| Three types of plasma proteins |
Albumin, Globulins & Fibrinogen |
| Albumin |
60% of plasma proteins. Made in liver, function to maintain osmotic pressure, regulates water balance between blood & tissues. |
| Globulins |
36% of plasma proteins. Alpha & beta - made in liver; transports lipids & fat soluble substances through blood. Gamma - antibodies, made by the lymphatic system |
| Fibrinogen |
4% of plasma proteins. Functions in clotting |
| Inflammation |
Localized response to trauma, heat, infections and chemicals. Occurs mainly in the CT |
| Funcitons of inflammation |
Prevent spread of infections; destroy foreign substances & promote healing |
| Thrombus |
A blood clot which forms in a vessel abnormally |
| Embolus |
A clot or a piece of a clot which is moving through the blood. |
| Hemophilia |
Hereditary - Males affected primarily. Several types, but all involve the absence of a clotting factor in the blood |
| Hematocrit |
% of blood cells in a volume of blood |
| Hemoglobing (Hb) |
the protein part of RBC's which contains Fe and is the molecule which carries oxygen |
| Clotting time |
Time required for a blood to clot after it is removed from the body (3-8 minutes) |
| Bleeding time |
Time for a small, sharp incision to stop bleeding (1-3 minutes) |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) |
Test where all of the following are looked at: HCT, Hb, RBC, WBC, differential WBC |
| Agglutination |
The clumping of RBC;s following a transfusion |
| Agglutinogens |
Antigens in RBC membranes |
| Agglutinins |
Antibodies dissolved in the plasma |
| Blood typing |
Involves identifying the agglutinogens that are present on a person's RBC's |
| Blood Type A |
Protein: A; Antibodies: B; Transfusions: A & O |
| Blood Type B |
Protein: B; Antibodies: A; Transfusions: B & O |
| Blood Type AB |
Protein: A & B; Antibodies: Neither A or B; Transfusions: A, B, AB & O |
| Blood Type O |
Protein: Neither A or B; Antibodies: Both A & B; Transfusions: Only O |
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