| Question |
 |
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| Answer |
|
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| Concept |
An abstraction based on observation of behaviors or characteristics (stress, pain) |
| Two methods of research |
Quantitative and Qualitative |
| Variable |
An attribute of a person or object that varies |
| Types (names) of Variables |
Continuous, Discrete, Catagorical, Independent, Dependant, Diachotomous |
| Concept |
A VARIABLE, An Abstraction Based On Observation of Behaviors Or Characteristics (Abooboc) |
| Variable |
An attribute of a person or object that varies |
| Concept has two definitions |
Conceptual and Operational definitions |
| Conceptual Definition |
The abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied |
| Operational Definition |
The instrument, The definition of a concept or varibale in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured |
| Independant Variable |
The resumed cause or influencing the Dependant Variable |
| Dependant Variable |
The outcome or effected variable. |
| Evidenced based practice |
Incorporates research findings into their clinical decision |
| What is at the basis for making clinical decisions |
Evidence hierarchy (research) |
| What are the paradigms |
Positive, Determinism and Naturalistic |
| Positive Paradigm assumes |
That there is an ojective realisity and that natural phenomena are regular and orderly |
| Determinism assumes |
Phenomena are the result of PRIOR CAUSES and are not HAPHAZARD |
| Naturalistic Paradigm |
Assumes that reality is not a fixed entitiy bu is rather a construction of human minds and thus "truth" is a composite of multiples constructions of reality |
| Constructions of Reality |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Prior Causes NOT haphazard |
Determinism |
| Regular and Orderly |
Positivism |
| Quantitative Research |
Collection of analysis of numeric information. Conducted within the Scientific Method |
| Scientific Method |
A systematic controlled process usually associated with Quantitative Research |
| Emperical Evidence |
Evidence collected by way of the human senses and strive for Generalizability. |
| Term to describe expressing findings beyond a setting or situation |
Generalizability |
| Paradigm strives to undertanding the HUMAN EXPERIENCE |
Naturalistic |
| Naturalistic Paradigm is associated with |
Qualitative Research |
| Basic Research |
Is designed to extend the base of information for the sake of knowledge |
| Applied Research |
Focuses on discovering solutions to IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS |
| Which research focuses on Indentification |
Qualitative |
| Which research focuses on Prediction and Control |
Quantitative |
| Which research focuses on Description, Exploration and Explanation (DEE) |
Both Qualitative and Quantitative |
| One noted rejection of the Quantiative method |
It is reductionist (reduces human experiene to only the few concepts under investigation) |
| Reality Exists, there is a real world driven by real natural causes |
Positive Paradigm |
| Reality is multiple and subjective, mentally constructed by individuals |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| The inquirer is independant from those being researched |
Positive Paradigm |
| Findings are not influenced by the researcher |
Positive Paradigm |
| The inquirer interacts with those being Researched |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Findings are the creation of the interactive process |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Values and biasis are to be held in check |
Positive Paradigm |
| Objectivity is sought |
Positive Paradigm |
| Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Deductive is part of this paradigm |
Positive Paradigm |
| Inductive is part of this paradigm |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Emphasis Discrete specific concepts |
Positive Paradigm |
| Verification of researchers 'Hunches' |
Positive Paradigm |
| Fixed design |
Positive Paradigm |
| Tight controls over context |
Positive Paradigm |
| Emphasis on measured, quantitative information,and statistical analysis |
Positive Paradigm |
| Seeks Generalizability |
Positive paradigm |
| Inductive processes are associated with this paradigm |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Emphasis on the entirety of some phenomenon |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Holistic |
Naturalistic paradigm |
| Emerging interpretations grounded in participants experience |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Flexible Design |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Context-bound |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Emphasis on narrative information |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Qualatiative Analysis is this Paradigm |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| This paradigm seeks patterns |
Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Quantitative terms for person contributing information to research |
Subject, Study participant and Respondent |
| Qualitative terms for person contributing information to research |
Study Participant, informant |
| Which one is not a qualitative term; Researcher, Investigator, Scientist |
Scientist |
| Quantitative terms for that which is being investigated |
Concepts, Constructs and Variables |
| Qualitative term for that which is being investigated |
Phenomena and Concepts (PC) |
| Quality of Evidence for Quantitative includes |
Reliability Validity Generalizability Objectivity (VORG) |
| Quality of Evidence for Qualitative term includes |
Dependability Credibility Transferability Confirmability |
| The overall location for the research |
Site |
| Setting where research is conducted |
Setting |
| Qualitative and Quantitative Researches BOTH investigate? |
Concepts ONLY |
| Qualitative reasearches investigate |
Concepts and Phenomena |
| Qualitative researchers investiage |
Concepts, Constructs and Variable |
| What are the building block of THEORIES |
Concepts |
| Theories are . . . |
Systematic explanation of some aspect of the real world |
| Concepts in Quantitative research are referred to . . . |
Variables |
| INHERENT Characteristics that research measures or observes |
Attribute Variable |
| Actively creates a variable as when a special intervention is introduced |
Active Variable |
| Height, Weight are examples of this variable |
Continuous variables |
| Infinite Range of numbers |
Continuous variable |
| # of Children is an example of which variable |
Discrete Variable |
| Values between two points |
Discrete Variable |
| Finite Number |
Discrete Variable |
| Gender is an example of this variable |
Catagorical Variable |
| Blood type is an example of this variable |
Catagorical Variable |
| Groups that are highly varied with respect ot some attribute |
Heterogeneous |
| Groubles with limited variablity in respect to some attribute |
Homgeneous |
| Elucidates the abstract oor theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied |
Conceptual Definition |
| Specification of the procedures and tools required to measure variablity |
Operational Definition |
| Bond or connection between two phenomena |
Relationship |
| In Quantitative studies a focus on what occurs with independant and dependant variables. What is this called |
Relationship |
| Cause and Effect relationships |
Casual Relationship |
| Variables are related in a non-casual way |
Functional relationship |
| Refers to the accuracy and consistency of INFORMATION obtained in a study |
Reliability |
| Accuracy and Consistency refer to what quality of evidence |
Reliability in a Quantitative Study |
| Soundness of the studies evidence |
Validity |
| Findings are cogent, convincing and well grounded |
Validity |
| Trustworthiness includes which dimensions |
Credibility, Transferability, Confirmability, Dependability |
| Evidence that is consistent and stable |
Dependability |
| Refers to evidence of the researche's objectivity |
Confirmability |
| Truth of the study is |
Credibility |
| Engenders confidence |
Credibility |
| Truth in Data and researchers interpretations |
Credibility |
| Uses multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes truth |
Triangulation |
| Multiples sources used to draw conclusion |
Trianglulation |
| Produces a distortion in the study results |
Bias |
| When distortions are consistent or uniform across study participants or situations |
Systematic Bias |
| Used to hold constant outside influences on the dependant variable |
Research Control |
| Used in Quantative studes tries to understand the relationship between the ind and dep variables through this method |
Research Control |
| This influence is what researches seek to control |
Extraneous variables |
| What variable must be held constant to minimize its influence |
Extraneous variable |
| What tools are used to eliminate bias |
Randomness |
| In which study type is Randomness used |
Quantitative |
| Features established by chance |
Randomness |
| Assess the extent to which the findings can be applied to other groups and settings |
Generalizability |
| Similar to Generalizability in Quantitative Research (Qualitative term) |
Transferability |
| extent to which findings can be applied to other settings |
Transferability |
| Rich and thorough description of research setting or context |
Thick Description |
| Allows others to make inferences about contextual similarities |
Thick Description |
| Attempts to Validate the findings |
Replications |
| Validates from an independant inquiry |
Replication |
| A crucial for of triangulation (or part of)` |
Replication |
| Which type of research is essential for the DEVELOPMENT of nursing science and evidence-based practice |
Replication Research |
| Actively intervenes or introduces a treatment |
Experimental research |
| Only makes observations of existing situations and characteristics WITHOUT intervening |
Nonexperimental research |
| Seeks to describe and understand key social psychological and structural processes that occur in a Psycho-SOCIAL setting |
Grounded Theory |
| Seeks to describe and Understand key social psychological stages and phases that characterize a particular event |
Grounded Theory |
| Major component is discovering a cor variable that is central in EXPLANING what is going on. |
Grounded Theory |
| Strives to Generate comprehensive explanations of phenomena that are grounded in reality |
Grounded Theory |
| Explain the maternal PROCESS of managing the late states of breastfeeding and weaning the child from the breast (Which Theory) |
Grounded Theory |
| Disciplinary roots in philosophy and psychology and is rooted in a philosophical tradition |
Phenomenology |
| Approach to thinking about what life experiences are about |
Phenomenology |
| Study to "illuminate the lived experiences of care providers" |
Phenomonolgy Study |
| Primary research tradition in antrhopology |
Ethnography |
| Researches who typically engage in extensive FIELD WORK |
Ethnography |
| Haitian refugee community is an example of this research tradition |
Ethnography |
| Aim is to learn rather than study (which research tradition) |
Ethnography |
| What is the meaning of the phenomona to those who experience it? Which research tradition asks this? |
Phenomenology |
| ethical issues of daily living affecting nursing home residents with dementia (which research tradition is this) |
Ethnography |
| What are the MAJOR steps in a quantitative study |
Conceptual Phase, Design and Planning Phase, Emperical Phase, Analytical Phase, Dissemination Phase, (CDEAD) |
| A statement of the researchers expectation about relationships between variables under investigation |
Hypothesis |
| Predications of expected outcomes |
Hypothesis |
| State the relationship researchers expect to find as a result of the study |
Hypothesis |
| Under which phase will you ask how concepts might be related |
Conceptual Phase |
| Pregnant women with a higher incidence of stressful events during pregnancy will be more likely than women with a lower incidence of stress to experience preelamptic toxemia. (What is this?) |
Hypothesis |
| How do most quantitative studies test hypothesis? |
Statistical Analysis |
| Links theories to real world |
Research Hypothesis |
| Come from Theory, practice and reading |
Research Hypothesis |
| MUST have independant and dependant variables |
Research Hypothesis |
| Must have testability and population |
Research Hypothesis |
| Redundancy of information |
Saturation |
| What are the hypothesis development types |
Simple, Complex, Directional, non-directional, Research and Statistical (null) |
| Expresses an expected relationship between on independant and one dependant vairable x to y |
Simple Hypothesis |
| Relationship between 2 or more independant variables. |
Complex Hypothesis |
| Also known as multivariate hypothesis |
Complex Hypothesis |
| Specifies an expected RELATIONSHIP between variables |
Directional Hypothesis |
| Predicts 2 or more variables are related but does not specify the direction |
Non-directional Hypothesis |
| Direction OR non-directional |
Research Hypothesis |
| Something IS NOT related |
Statistical |
| What are the 3 areas for development types |
Simple or Complex, Directional or non directional, Research or Statistical (null) |
| Phrased interogatively rather than declaratively |
Research question |
| The 'essence' of the study in declarative form |
Statement of Purpose |
| The words purpose or goal usually appear in this |
Statement of Purpose |
| The Goal of this study was (what is this statement) |
Statement of Purpose |
| Purpose of this study is to (what is this) |
Statement of Purpose |
| Intent, aim, objective are words used in a . . . |
Statement of Purpose |
| Identifies key variables and relationships |
Statement of Purpose |
| Identifies the nature of the problem |
Statement of Purpose |
| Does not use words (prove, demonstrate or show) |
Statement of Purpose |
| Explore, describe, compare, relationship, effect, difference are all found in what |
Statement of Purpose |
| Statement in interrogative form |
Research Question |
| Simple and Direct statement |
Research Question |
| Invites and Answer |
Research Question vs (Purpose Statement) |
| Research Question (Problem statements) in Qualitative studies usually have these items |
Ind and Dep variable, Population and Testability |
| Prediction about the relationship between two or more variables |
Hypothesis |
| Translates a quantitative research question in a precise prediction |
hypothesis |
| Researches do not begin with a hypothesis in this type of Study |
Qualitative |
| THERE WILL BE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF CONCEPT AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR (simple or complex) |
Simple, Directional and null (no population) |
| OLDER PATIENTS ARE MORE AT RISK OF EXPERIENCING A FALL THAN YOUNGER PATIENTS is an example of |
Simple, Directional, Research (no null) |
| There is a relationship between the age of a patient and the risk of falling |
Simple, nondirectional, Research (no null hypothesis) |
| THE OLDER THE PATIENT THE GREATER THE RISK THAT HE OR SHE WILL FALL |
Simple, Directional, Research |
| OLDER PATIENTS DIFFER FROM YOUNGER ONES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR RISK OF FALLING |
Simple, non-directional, Research |
| A broad abstract characterization of a phenomena |
Theory |
| An abstract generalizaion that systematically explains relationships among phenomena |
Theory |
| A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomena |
Descriptive Theory |
| Attempts to describe large segments of human experience |
Grand Theory |
| A theory that is more specific to a certain phenomena |
Middle-range Theory |
| Concepts are the basic element but not logically ordered or deductive |
Conceptual Model |
| Use mathematic symbols to quantitatively express nature and strength of relationship |
Statistical Model |
| Conceptual underpinning of a study |
Framework |
| In qualitative studies this usually spring from distinct research traditions |
Conceptual Definition |
| Orem's Self Care and Roys Adaptation are what type of model |
Conceptual Models |
| data driven explanation to account for phenomena under study through inductive processes |
Grounded Theory |
| THE LEVEL OF JOB AUTONOMY IS DIFFERENT FOR PSYCHIATRIC NURSE-PRACTITIONER THAN FOR MEDICAL-SURGICALNURSE-PRACTITIONERS |
Simple, non-directional research |
| THE IS A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENIAL AND REPORTS OF ANXIETY AMONG POSTMYOCARDIAL INFACTION PATIENTS |
COMPLEX, NULL no correlation if it is null so no direction |
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