Study cards for Polit Nursing Research chapters 1-7
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| Concept | An abstraction based on observation of behaviors or characteristics (stress, pain)
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| Two methods of research | Quantitative and Qualitative
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| Variable | An attribute of a person or object that varies
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| Types (names) of Variables | Continuous, Discrete, Catagorical, Independent, Dependant, Diachotomous
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| Concept | A VARIABLE, An Abstraction Based On Observation of Behaviors Or Characteristics (Abooboc)
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| Variable | An attribute of a person or object that varies
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| Concept has two definitions | Conceptual and Operational definitions
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| Conceptual Definition | The abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied
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| Operational Definition | The instrument, The definition of a concept or varibale in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured
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| Independant Variable | The resumed cause or influencing the Dependant Variable
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| Dependant Variable | The outcome or effected variable.
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| Evidenced based practice | Incorporates research findings into their clinical decision
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| What is at the basis for making clinical decisions | Evidence hierarchy (research)
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| What are the paradigms | Positive, Determinism and Naturalistic
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| Positive Paradigm assumes | That there is an ojective realisity and that natural phenomena are regular and orderly
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| Determinism assumes | Phenomena are the result of PRIOR CAUSES and are not HAPHAZARD
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| Naturalistic Paradigm | Assumes that reality is not a fixed entitiy bu is rather a construction of human minds and thus "truth" is a composite of multiples constructions of reality
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| Constructions of Reality | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Prior Causes NOT haphazard | Determinism
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| Regular and Orderly | Positivism
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| Quantitative Research | Collection of analysis of numeric information. Conducted within the Scientific Method
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| Scientific Method | A systematic controlled process usually associated with Quantitative Research
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| Emperical Evidence | Evidence collected by way of the human senses and strive for Generalizability.
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| Term to describe expressing findings beyond a setting or situation | Generalizability
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| Paradigm strives to undertanding the HUMAN EXPERIENCE | Naturalistic
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| Naturalistic Paradigm is associated with | Qualitative Research
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| Basic Research | Is designed to extend the base of information for the sake of knowledge
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| Applied Research | Focuses on discovering solutions to IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS
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| Which research focuses on Indentification | Qualitative
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| Which research focuses on Prediction and Control | Quantitative
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| Which research focuses on Description, Exploration and Explanation (DEE) | Both Qualitative and Quantitative
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| One noted rejection of the Quantiative method | It is reductionist (reduces human experiene to only the few concepts under investigation)
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| Reality Exists, there is a real world driven by real natural causes | Positive Paradigm
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| Reality is multiple and subjective, mentally constructed by individuals | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| The inquirer is independant from those being researched | Positive Paradigm
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| Findings are not influenced by the researcher | Positive Paradigm
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| The inquirer interacts with those being Researched | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Findings are the creation of the interactive process | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Values and biasis are to be held in check | Positive Paradigm
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| Objectivity is sought | Positive Paradigm
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| Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Deductive is part of this paradigm | Positive Paradigm
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| Inductive is part of this paradigm | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Emphasis Discrete specific concepts | Positive Paradigm
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| Verification of researchers 'Hunches' | Positive Paradigm
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| Fixed design | Positive Paradigm
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| Tight controls over context | Positive Paradigm
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| Emphasis on measured, quantitative information,and statistical analysis | Positive Paradigm
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| Seeks Generalizability | Positive paradigm
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| Inductive processes are associated with this paradigm | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Emphasis on the entirety of some phenomenon | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Holistic | Naturalistic paradigm
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| Emerging interpretations grounded in participants experience | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Flexible Design | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Context-bound | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Emphasis on narrative information | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Qualatiative Analysis is this Paradigm | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| This paradigm seeks patterns | Naturalistic Paradigm
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| Quantitative terms for person contributing information to research | Subject, Study participant and Respondent
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| Qualitative terms for person contributing information to research | Study Participant, informant
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| Which one is not a qualitative term; Researcher, Investigator, Scientist | Scientist
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| Quantitative terms for that which is being investigated | Concepts, Constructs and Variables
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| Qualitative term for that which is being investigated | Phenomena and Concepts (PC)
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| Quality of Evidence for Quantitative includes | Reliability Validity Generalizability Objectivity (VORG)
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| Quality of Evidence for Qualitative term includes | Dependability Credibility Transferability Confirmability
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| The overall location for the research | Site
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| Setting where research is conducted | Setting
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| Qualitative and Quantitative Researches BOTH investigate? | Concepts ONLY
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| Qualitative reasearches investigate | Concepts and Phenomena
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| Qualitative researchers investiage | Concepts, Constructs and Variable
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| What are the building block of THEORIES | Concepts
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| Theories are . . . | Systematic explanation of some aspect of the real world
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| Concepts in Quantitative research are referred to . . . | Variables
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| INHERENT Characteristics that research measures or observes | Attribute Variable
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| Actively creates a variable as when a special intervention is introduced | Active Variable
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| Height, Weight are examples of this variable | Continuous variables
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| Infinite Range of numbers | Continuous variable
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| # of Children is an example of which variable | Discrete Variable
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| Values between two points | Discrete Variable
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| Finite Number | Discrete Variable
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| Gender is an example of this variable | Catagorical Variable
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| Blood type is an example of this variable | Catagorical Variable
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| Groups that are highly varied with respect ot some attribute | Heterogeneous
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| Groubles with limited variablity in respect to some attribute | Homgeneous
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| Elucidates the abstract oor theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied | Conceptual Definition
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| Specification of the procedures and tools required to measure variablity | Operational Definition
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| Bond or connection between two phenomena | Relationship
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| In Quantitative studies a focus on what occurs with independant and dependant variables. What is this called | Relationship
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| Cause and Effect relationships | Casual Relationship
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| Variables are related in a non-casual way | Functional relationship
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| Refers to the accuracy and consistency of INFORMATION obtained in a study | Reliability
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| Accuracy and Consistency refer to what quality of evidence | Reliability in a Quantitative Study
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| Soundness of the studies evidence | Validity
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| Findings are cogent, convincing and well grounded | Validity
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| Trustworthiness includes which dimensions | Credibility, Transferability, Confirmability, Dependability
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| Evidence that is consistent and stable | Dependability
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| Refers to evidence of the researche's objectivity | Confirmability
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| Truth of the study is | Credibility
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| Engenders confidence | Credibility
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| Truth in Data and researchers interpretations | Credibility
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| Uses multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes truth | Triangulation
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| Multiples sources used to draw conclusion | Trianglulation
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| Produces a distortion in the study results | Bias
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| When distortions are consistent or uniform across study participants or situations | Systematic Bias
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| Used to hold constant outside influences on the dependant variable | Research Control
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| Used in Quantative studes tries to understand the relationship between the ind and dep variables through this method | Research Control
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| This influence is what researches seek to control | Extraneous variables
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| What variable must be held constant to minimize its influence | Extraneous variable
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| What tools are used to eliminate bias | Randomness
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| In which study type is Randomness used | Quantitative
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| Features established by chance | Randomness
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| Assess the extent to which the findings can be applied to other groups and settings | Generalizability
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| Similar to Generalizability in Quantitative Research (Qualitative term) | Transferability
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| extent to which findings can be applied to other settings | Transferability
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| Rich and thorough description of research setting or context | Thick Description
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| Allows others to make inferences about contextual similarities | Thick Description
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| Attempts to Validate the findings | Replications
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| Validates from an independant inquiry | Replication
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| A crucial for of triangulation (or part of)` | Replication
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| Which type of research is essential for the DEVELOPMENT of nursing science and evidence-based practice | Replication Research
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| Actively intervenes or introduces a treatment | Experimental research
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| Only makes observations of existing situations and characteristics WITHOUT intervening | Nonexperimental research
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| Seeks to describe and understand key social psychological and structural processes that occur in a Psycho-SOCIAL setting | Grounded Theory
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| Seeks to describe and Understand key social psychological stages and phases that characterize a particular event | Grounded Theory
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| Major component is discovering a cor variable that is central in EXPLANING what is going on. | Grounded Theory
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| Strives to Generate comprehensive explanations of phenomena that are grounded in reality | Grounded Theory
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| Explain the maternal PROCESS of managing the late states of breastfeeding and weaning the child from the breast (Which Theory) | Grounded Theory
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| Disciplinary roots in philosophy and psychology and is rooted in a philosophical tradition | Phenomenology
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| Approach to thinking about what life experiences are about | Phenomenology
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| Study to "illuminate the lived experiences of care providers" | Phenomonolgy Study
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| Primary research tradition in antrhopology | Ethnography
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| Researches who typically engage in extensive FIELD WORK | Ethnography
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| Haitian refugee community is an example of this research tradition | Ethnography
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| Aim is to learn rather than study (which research tradition) | Ethnography
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| What is the meaning of the phenomona to those who experience it? Which research tradition asks this? | Phenomenology
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| ethical issues of daily living affecting nursing home residents with dementia (which research tradition is this) | Ethnography
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| What are the MAJOR steps in a quantitative study | Conceptual Phase, Design and Planning Phase, Emperical Phase, Analytical Phase, Dissemination Phase, (CDEAD)
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| A statement of the researchers expectation about relationships between variables under investigation | Hypothesis
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| Predications of expected outcomes | Hypothesis
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| State the relationship researchers expect to find as a result of the study | Hypothesis
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| Under which phase will you ask how concepts might be related | Conceptual Phase
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| Pregnant women with a higher incidence of stressful events during pregnancy will be more likely than women with a lower incidence of stress to experience preelamptic toxemia. (What is this?) | Hypothesis
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| How do most quantitative studies test hypothesis? | Statistical Analysis
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| Links theories to real world | Research Hypothesis
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| Come from Theory, practice and reading | Research Hypothesis
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| MUST have independant and dependant variables | Research Hypothesis
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| Must have testability and population | Research Hypothesis
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| Redundancy of information | Saturation
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| What are the hypothesis development types | Simple, Complex, Directional, non-directional, Research and Statistical (null)
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| Expresses an expected relationship between on independant and one dependant vairable x to y | Simple Hypothesis
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| Relationship between 2 or more independant variables. | Complex Hypothesis
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| Also known as multivariate hypothesis | Complex Hypothesis
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| Specifies an expected RELATIONSHIP between variables | Directional Hypothesis
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| Predicts 2 or more variables are related but does not specify the direction | Non-directional Hypothesis
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| Direction OR non-directional | Research Hypothesis
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| Something IS NOT related | Statistical
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| What are the 3 areas for development types | Simple or Complex, Directional or non directional, Research or Statistical (null)
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| Phrased interogatively rather than declaratively | Research question
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| The 'essence' of the study in declarative form | Statement of Purpose
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| The words purpose or goal usually appear in this | Statement of Purpose
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| The Goal of this study was (what is this statement) | Statement of Purpose
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| Purpose of this study is to (what is this) | Statement of Purpose
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| Intent, aim, objective are words used in a . . . | Statement of Purpose
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| Identifies key variables and relationships | Statement of Purpose
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| Identifies the nature of the problem | Statement of Purpose
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| Does not use words (prove, demonstrate or show) | Statement of Purpose
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| Explore, describe, compare, relationship, effect, difference are all found in what | Statement of Purpose
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| Statement in interrogative form | Research Question
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| Simple and Direct statement | Research Question
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| Invites and Answer | Research Question vs (Purpose Statement)
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| Research Question (Problem statements) in Qualitative studies usually have these items | Ind and Dep variable, Population and Testability
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| Prediction about the relationship between two or more variables | Hypothesis
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| Translates a quantitative research question in a precise prediction | hypothesis
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| Researches do not begin with a hypothesis in this type of Study | Qualitative
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| THERE WILL BE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF CONCEPT AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR (simple or complex) | Simple, Directional and null (no population)
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| OLDER PATIENTS ARE MORE AT RISK OF EXPERIENCING A FALL THAN YOUNGER PATIENTS is an example of | Simple, Directional, Research (no null)
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| There is a relationship between the age of a patient and the risk of falling | Simple, nondirectional, Research (no null hypothesis)
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| THE OLDER THE PATIENT THE GREATER THE RISK THAT HE OR SHE WILL FALL | Simple, Directional, Research
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| OLDER PATIENTS DIFFER FROM YOUNGER ONES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR RISK OF FALLING | Simple, non-directional, Research
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| A broad abstract characterization of a phenomena | Theory
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| An abstract generalizaion that systematically explains relationships among phenomena | Theory
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| A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomena | Descriptive Theory
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| Attempts to describe large segments of human experience | Grand Theory
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| A theory that is more specific to a certain phenomena | Middle-range Theory
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| Concepts are the basic element but not logically ordered or deductive | Conceptual Model
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| Use mathematic symbols to quantitatively express nature and strength of relationship | Statistical Model
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| Conceptual underpinning of a study | Framework
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| In qualitative studies this usually spring from distinct research traditions | Conceptual Definition
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| Orem's Self Care and Roys Adaptation are what type of model | Conceptual Models
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| data driven explanation to account for phenomena under study through inductive processes | Grounded Theory
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| THE LEVEL OF JOB AUTONOMY IS DIFFERENT FOR PSYCHIATRIC NURSE-PRACTITIONER THAN FOR MEDICAL-SURGICALNURSE-PRACTITIONERS | Simple, non-directional research
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| THE IS A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENIAL AND REPORTS OF ANXIETY AMONG POSTMYOCARDIAL INFACTION PATIENTS | COMPLEX, NULL no correlation if it is null so no direction
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