*BLHS Learning
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| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
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| Classical Conditioning | Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are presented together.
EX: Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back auto
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| Stimulus | A change in the environment that elicit a response
EX: anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change.
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| acquisition | learning a new behavior. refers to the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened
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| delayed conditioning | ideal training in classical conditioning where the CS precedes UCS and briefly overlaps
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| trace conditioning | is classical conditioning, the CS is presented first, removed, then the UCS is presented
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| generalization | in classical conditioning, CRs elicited by stimuli that resemble the CS used in training. In operant conditioning, the occurrence of responding when a stimulus similar to the discriminative stimulus is present
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| backward conditioning | in classical conditioning, presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus
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| Aversive Conditioning | a form of behavior therapy in which the client is trained to associate physical or psychological discomfort with behaviors, thoughts, or situations the client wants to stop.
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| discrimination | in classical conditoning, the ability to tell the difference between the cS and stimuli similar to it that do not signal a UCs.
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| higher-order conditioning | classical conditioning in which a well learned CS is paired with a NS to produce a CR to the NS
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| Operant Conditioning | An active learner performs certain voluntary behaviors and the consequences of the behavior determine the likelihood of its reoccurence.
EX:Zachary gets into so much trouble in one afternoon (he pour out all his sister’s perfume, climbs out the window
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| Instrumental Learning | Learning that occurs when a response is weakened or strengthened by its consequences.
EX: A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.
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| Law and Effect | Thorndike's observation that behaviors followed by rewards are strengthened and behaviors followed by punishment are weakened
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| positive reinforcement | behavior emitted receives a reward, thus increasing the probability of that behavior
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| premack principle | a high probability response can serve as a reward for a low probability behavior, thus increasing it
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| negative reinforcement | a consequence of behavior that increases the frequency of a response that takes away something aversive
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| punishment | after a behavior is emitted in operant conditioning, and aversive stimulus or consequence that is given to decrease the behavior it follows
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| omission training | after behavior is emitted, a reward is taken away from the learner, thus decreasing the probability of recurrence of original behavior
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| avoidance behavior | behavior that results in the removal of an ongoing event, or prevents a future event from occuring
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| learned helplessness | the feeling of futility and passice resignation that results form inability to avoid repeated acersice events
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| primary reinforcer | important automatic and unlearned rewards, like food and drink
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| secondary reinforcer | stimuli we learn to see as important because they are connected to primary reinforcers
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| generalized reinforcer | secondary reinforcers that are associated with a wide cariety of other reinforcers, such as money, which is almost guaranteed to be motivating
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| token economy | a program used in institutions in which a persons acceptable behavior is reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for special pribeleges or good.
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| continuous reinforcement | The schedule of reinforcement where each behavior emitted by the organism is rewarded.
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| fixed ratio | schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is presented after a set number of responses have been made since the previous reinforcement.
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