USMLE Step 1
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| Primary Epilepsy | no anatomic cause
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| Secondary Epilepsy | occurs as a result of tumors,head injury,AVMs in the brain,stroke,hypoglycemia,meningitis,or rapid EtOH w/drawl in an EtOHic
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| Simple partial epilepsy | grp of hyperactive neurons confined to a single locus (temporal or hippocampal) discharge, theres no spread, doesnt lose consciousness
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| Complex partial epilepsy | loss of consciousness along w/ motor dysfx, diarrhea & urination, arise from single brain region like the temporal lobe and MAY SPREAD causing secondary general tonic-clonic seizure
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| Phenytoin MOA | stabilizes neuron membranes 2 depolarization by decrease Na influx in resting state or during depolarization also reduces influx of Ca during depolarization & - repetitive firing,used 4 either type partial focal seizures,grand mal,status epilepticus
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| Carbamazepine MOA | reduces propagation by - Na channels = - repetitive APs,DOC 4 either type of partial focal seizure,also 4 grand mal
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| Phenobarbital MOA | maybe via - effects of GABA cause limit spread of seizure discharge & elevation of seizure threshold,used in grand mal,DOC 4 ongoing or recurrent febrile seizures,used occasionally for insomnia,anxiety & 4 tonic-clonic seizures
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| Ethosuximide | MOA:unknown,but reduces propagation of abnml electrical activity in the brain,DOC in absence seizures
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| Clonazepam | MOA:BZD that binds to GABA receptor to trigger Cl influx,NOT for chronic tx, but maybe used to limit myoclonic seizure spread
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| Diazepam | DOC in status epilepticus
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| Grand mal | tonic-clonic seizure, most common and most dramatic form,marked by loss of consciousness followed by the tonic-clonic phase
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| Petit mal | absence seizure,marked by brief,abrupt,self-limited LOC,occurs b/t ages 3-5 & recurrs until puberty,tend to stare during attack w/ rapid eye blinking lasting 3-5 secs
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| Myoclonic seizure | marked by short episodes of muscle contraction that recur for several mins,rare @ any age,often a result of permanent neurologic damage due to hypoxia,uremia,encephalitis or drug poisoning
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| Febrile seizure | most commonly occur in 3-5 mons old,dont cause any lasting damage,occur in assoc w/ illnesses cause high febrile states & consist of generalized tonic-clonic convulsions of short duration;*Note if resolved then use fever reducers & tx underlying cause*
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| Valproic acid | MOA:enhances GABA action action @ inhibitory synapses,DOC for myoclonic seizures
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| Status epilepticus | rapidly recurrent unrelenting seizures
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| Phenytoin ADRs | lrgly bound 2 albumin in body,depresses CNS,nystagmus & ataxia,n/v,gingival hyperplasia,megaloblastic anemia,- ADH release,hyperglycemia,glucosuria,teratogen due to potent P450 +
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| Phenobarbital ADRs | use cautiously b/c decrease cognitive performance in kids
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| Carbamazepine ADRs | chronic use cause stupor,coma,respiratory depression,drowsiness,vertigo,ataxia,blurred vision,n/v,aplastic anemia,agranulocytosis,thrombocytopenia & possible liver toxicity
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