the smallest group of particles within a crystal that retains a geometric shape of the crystal
Crystal
a substance in which atoms ions, or molecules are arranged in an orderly repeating 3 dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice
Allotropes
one of two or more different molecular forms of an element in the same physical state;oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) are allotropes of the element oxygen
Amorphus solid
a term used to describe a solid that lacks an ordered internal structure; denotes a random arrangement of atoms
Boyles Law
the volume of gas varies inversely with pressure P1V1=P2V2
Charles Law
volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant. V1 V2/T1 T2
Dalton’s Law
total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases is the sum of the partial pressures of al the gases present PT=P1+P2+P3+…
Graham’s Law
rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass
Gay-Lussac’s Law
the pressure and Kelvin temperature of a gas are directly proportional at constant volume P1/T1=P2T2
Atomic Orbitals
a region in space around the nucleus of an atom where there is a high probability of finding an electron
Aufban Principle
electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first
Hund’s rule
when electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbial until all orbitals contain one electron with their spins parallel
Ground state
the lowest energy level occupied by an electron when an atom is in its most stable energy state
Atomic emission spectrum
the pattern of frequencies obtained by passing light emitted by atoms of an element in the gaseous state through a prism; the emission spectrum of each element is unique to that element.
Frequency
the number of wave cycles that pass a given point per unit of time; there is an inverse relationship between the frequency and wavelength of a wave.
Wavelengths
a distance between two adjacent crests of a wave
Photons
a quantum of light; a discrete bundle of electromagnetic energy that behaves as a particle
Quantum
the amount of energy needed to move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one
Kinetic theory
a theory explaining the states of matter, based on the concept that the particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion
All 4 quantum
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PV=nRT
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Electron configuration
the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom in its ground state
Combined gas laws
a relationship describing the behavior of gases that combines boyle’s law, charles law, and gay lussac’s law
