Chapter 4 REHS
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"potable" | look good, free from turbidity, color, odor, taste and disease
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"potable water management" | the science and practice of protecting surface and ground water
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"public water system" | piped water with 15 service connections and serves 25 individuals at least 60 days of the year
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microbiological quality of water expressed in these terms | concentration, frequency or +/_ of bacteria
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who is in charge of water standards | The EPA under the SWDA
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3 additional water tests (critter type) | crypto, giardia, legionella
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Interim Standards | 1975, specify's MCL
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Maximum contaminant level | maximum allowable concentration of contaminant
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surface water | open to the atmosphere
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zone of saturation | all the openings or voids are filled with water
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ground water | water in the zone of saturation
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percent of disease related to inadequate water and sanitation | 80%
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snow in 1845 | london water pump cholera
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gambierdiscus toxicus | tropical marine dinoflagellate that synthesis ciguatoxin
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2 waterborne protozoa | giardia and cryptosporidium
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asiatic cholera outbreaks | london in 1849 and 1853 investigated by john snow
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vibrio cholerae in 1892 | koch isolated from polluted Elbe river
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multiple barriers for safe water (6) | 1) source water protection 2) treatment plant processes 3) disinfectin 4) distribution 5 ) security 6) education
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one of the first biological warfare weapons | smallpox given to N.A. Indians on blankets 3 points of entry for anthrax
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plague | gram-, non motile Yersinia pestis zoonotic
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3 forms of plague | bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons (examples) | PCB's, DDT, PBB's, chloroform, vinyl chloride
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4 groups of chemicals in drinking water | 1. halogenated hyrocarbons and organics 2. heavy metals 3. nonmetallic inorganics 4. biological contaminants, drugs and additives
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public water system | 15 connections, 25 individuals daily at least 60 days of the year
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community water system | 15 connections for year-round or serves 25 year round residents]
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noncommunity system | public sysem that is not a community system and can be transient noncommunity or (TWS or NTNCWS) parks, rest stops, 25 people but not the same 25 people
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main drinking water contaminant | sewage
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most widely used bacterial indicator | coliform
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examples of disinfectants for water | fre and combined chlorien, chlorine dioxide, ozone, UV irradiation. Chlorine is the most common
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disinfectant byproduct | Trihalomethant (THM) is most common
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THM examples | chloroform, bromoform, dibromochloromethane
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Ozone | the most pwerful disinfectant but is unstable in water
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minimum requirement of free chlorine | o.2ppm as set by National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations
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factors that influence the movement of groundwater | geological formation and permeability, rainfall and infiltration and hydraulic gradient
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geomagnetics | magnetic field used to find buried metals
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electromagnetics | measures difference in conductivity (finds boundaries of contaminated plumes around landfills with leachate
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electrical resistivity | resistance with probes- identifies porosity and ground water limits
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ground-probing radar | uses radar to measure reflection from water table
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photoionization meters | finds specific volatile compounds like gasoline, methane
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microbes travle a shourt distance though (soil) | sandy loam or clay
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acidic soil | increases movement of pollutants in soil
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petroleum products tend to ____ | float
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halogenated solvents tend to migrate___ | downward
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removing bacteria from liquid in soil is | inversely proportional to particle size of the soil
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soil for removing viruses | fine loamy sand over course sand
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igneous rocks | formed by cooling and hardening of molton rock. Not good source of water granite, dioxite, basalt (some water)
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sedimentary | eroded rocks like sand, gravel, clay, silt, loess usually a lot of water especially sandstones, shales and limestones
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metamorphic | heat and pressure on igneous and sedimentary (small amount of water)
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karst areas | caves, channels, rapid groundwater movement easily polluted
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glacial drift | sediment that is moved by glacier ice
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porosity | amount of water that can be held by rock or soil
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effective porosity or specific yeild | percentage of total volume or mass of water that drains freely our by gravity
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specific retention | volume of water retained
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permeability or hydraulic conductivity | rate of flow of water at 60F in gallons per day through cross section of 1ft2
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transmissivity | hydraulic conductivity times saturated thickness of aquifer
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Darcy's Law | Q=KIA (Quantity of flow per time, gpd=(hyd. Conductivity)(hydraulic gradient)(cross sectinalarea)
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Groundwater Class 1 | special groundwater-irreplaceable and ecologically vital
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Groundwater Class 2 | current and potential sources of drinking water
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Groundwater Class 3 | not considered potential sources of drinking water salt water
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standard plate count | total colonies of bac developing from measured portions (two 1ml and two .1ml) 48 hrs at 95F
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guinea-worm | most comon dracontiasisnhelminth
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odor | less than 3 on threshold odor number
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taste | not objectionalble
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turbidity | 0.5 Nephelometric turbidity units and occasionaly not more than 1NTU
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color | less than 15 true color units
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temperature | less than 60F
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dug well | 15-30 ft deep, not dependable
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bored well | uses an auger to go 25-60 feet, small yields, easily pollulted
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driven and jetted wells | pounded in and 50-100 feet deep
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drilled well | in general, they are better, less contaminated
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chlorine dioxide | more bowerful biocide than free cholorine but doesn't persist as long
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ozone | most powerful disinfectant but highly unstable in water and lacks persistent redisual so usually add a secondary like chlorine
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uv radiation | good biocide but no persistend residual
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coagulation-flocculation | combine small particles into aggregates as part of a process (coagulation, sedimentation, flitration)
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coagulant formation (add what?) | add chemical like alum
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The first 3 steps of Coagulation in Coagulation-Flocculation | Coagulant formation (alum), particle destabliization, interparticle collision
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flocculation | small particles transformed into larger pieces or floes
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seidmentation and flotation | solid-liquid gravity separation
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flotation | introduce gas bubbles into water that attach to solids to float to top
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filtration | suspended matter is removed (clay, silt, organic matter,
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mandated by the EPA surface water treatment rule | filtration- enterovirus, giardia, legionella, reduces crytosporidium resistent to disinfection
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most common type of filter | granular media filter
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slow sand filter | very effective, grain size .25-.35mm
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rapid filtration | treated water through granular media bed larger sand (.5-.7mm) PRE-TREATMENT is essential
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Pressure filters | sometimes used in rapid filtration. Water enters filters under pressure
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standard for lead | 15ppb flush for several minutes a day to reduce problem
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standard for copper | 1500 ppb may be naturally occuring causes of copper in water
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what and where are radionuclides | raduim, uranium, polonium, can test radon in ari. Shallow wells more likely to have these
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human caused contamination of water | nitrates, pesticides, VOC's, hazardous materials spills
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VOC's examples | solvents, cleaners, degreasers, benzene, toluene, fuel suppliers, dry cleaners, paint shops
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VOC's healh effects | CNS impairment, liver and kidney, skin, cancer
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definition of coliform bacteria | rod shaped, gram negative, non-spore forming, lactose fermenting with production of acid and gas at 35C
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E. coli | ferments lactose at 44F. Metallic green colonies on dark purple plate
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membrane filtration | sample vacuumed through a special filter that is sealed off in growing medium 44F
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ONPG-MUG | colilert and colisure 35C for 24 hours
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dissolved oxygen | the amount of oxygen available in fresh water
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BOD | amount of oxygen in water for microorganisms to decompose organic material - a measure of pollution
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BOD Test and cause | 5 days- canneries, dairy plants
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when bod is high, DO is | when DO is low (less pollution), BOD is
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COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) | oxygen equivelant of what is susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidant
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standard for arsenic | 10ppb
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dissolved oxygen | the amount of oxygen available in fresh water
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BOD | amount of oxygen in water for microorganisms to decompose organic material - a measure of pollution
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BOD Test and cause | 5 days- canneries, dairy plants
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when bod is high, DO is | when DO is low (less pollution)
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COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) | oxygen equivelant of what is susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidant
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soil conditions for removal of virus and bacteria | fine loamy sand over course sand and gravel
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this water organism dies off quickly outside of host | streptococcus
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very resistant to unfavorable conditions and indicate past or present pollution | C. perfringens (intestines of humans and anumals) more resistant than escherichia and streptococci
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most dependable water well | drilled well
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best method for back flow preventor | air gap
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what causes water hardness | dissolved calcium, magnesium bicarbonates, sulfates and chlorides
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problems with hard water | pipes clog and heaters become coated with lime scale
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what fixes hard water | water softener like
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common disinfection of water | chlorine, chlorine-ammonia compounds and ozone
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hydropneumatic tank or pressure systems are commonly used for | small communities, housing developments, private homes, camps, hotels
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hydropneumatic tanks typically contain what percent of its volume as water? | 10-20%
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nitrate levels | MCLG for nitrate is 10 mg/L or 10 ppm
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nitrate presence | indicates previous pollution
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can diatomaceous earth filters stand alone? | no, they need to be augmented wit chlorine
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epilimnion | top mixed zone of reservoir- high in o2 and algae
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metalimnion or thermocline | transition zone of reservoir, ox decreases, best source of water
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hypolimnion | zone of stagnation, cold, deficient in oxygen
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hydrogen sulfide in water | rotten egg smell, makes water corrozive, death at 300 ppm
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best way to remove nitrates | ion exchange is most practical. Reverse osmosis and electrodialysis are effective but expensive.
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removal of cadmium | can be removed more than 90% through iron coagulation. Reverse osmosis in not practical.
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prevent backsiphonage by (3) | vacuum breaker, air gap, backpressure units
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backpressure | pressure from nonpotable exceeds pressure from potable
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backsiphonage | pressure in public water system is less than that in non-potable due to a vacuum or reduced presure in potable
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Q=AIR | watershed runoff and reservoir design
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how should a drilled well be sealed? | cement grouting
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sodium chloride | used in water softeners
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plain sedimentation | quiescient (still) water settling using gravity to collect solids
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centrifugal pump design depends on | impeller
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sodium hypochlorite | (NaCl) can be used full strength for disinfection of water
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pressure filter and DE earty filter commonly used for | filtration of industrial water supplies an swimming pools, generally not drinking water
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"fresh polllution" indicator | free ammonia
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effectiveness of chlorine depends on | pH, temp, contact time, clarity
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copper sulfate used to | control growth of algae and protozoa
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gases found in water that encourage corrosion | carbon dioxide and h2o
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Nephelometric turbidity units | mesures amount of light scattered
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testing for residual chlorine | DPD-colormetric
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granulated activated carbon filters used for | treating water for drinks, removing taste and odor and removing organic chemicals (suspected carcinogens)
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ozone treatement levels | 1.0-1.5 mg/l
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ozone treatment goals | remove color taste and odors, viruses, cysts and bacteria
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control of inorganic chemicals in drinking water | sanitary survey, source ID, determination of amount of pollutants
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trihalomethanes are created during: | prechlorination with long contact periods and sunlight langelier saturation index
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hydraulic ram is powered by | water- water flowing in pipe is used to elevate a smaller quantity of water
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centrifugal pump max water lift | 15 feet
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jet pump lifts water up to | 120 feet but efficient at 50 feet or less
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GAC removes tastes and odors by | adsorption
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sewage travelled over ___ feet in sandy soil | 200 feet
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ideal water hardness level | 50-80 mg/l
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alkalinity levels (desirable) | 30-100 mh/l
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