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Chapter 4 REHS

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Question
Answer
"potable"   look good, free from turbidity, color, odor, taste and disease  
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"potable water management"   the science and practice of protecting surface and ground water  
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"public water system"   piped water with 15 service connections and serves 25 individuals at least 60 days of the year  
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microbiological quality of water expressed in these terms   concentration, frequency or +/_ of bacteria  
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who is in charge of water standards   The EPA under the SWDA  
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3 additional water tests (critter type)   crypto, giardia, legionella  
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Interim Standards   1975, specify's MCL  
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Maximum contaminant level   maximum allowable concentration of contaminant  
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surface water   open to the atmosphere  
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zone of saturation   all the openings or voids are filled with water  
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ground water   water in the zone of saturation  
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percent of disease related to inadequate water and sanitation   80%  
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snow in 1845   london water pump cholera  
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gambierdiscus toxicus   tropical marine dinoflagellate that synthesis ciguatoxin  
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2 waterborne protozoa   giardia and cryptosporidium  
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asiatic cholera outbreaks   london in 1849 and 1853 investigated by john snow  
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vibrio cholerae in 1892   koch isolated from polluted Elbe river  
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multiple barriers for safe water (6)   1) source water protection 2) treatment plant processes 3) disinfectin 4) distribution 5 ) security 6) education  
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one of the first biological warfare weapons   smallpox given to N.A. Indians on blankets 3 points of entry for anthrax  
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plague   gram-, non motile Yersinia pestis zoonotic  
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3 forms of plague   bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic  
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons (examples)   PCB's, DDT, PBB's, chloroform, vinyl chloride  
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4 groups of chemicals in drinking water   1. halogenated hyrocarbons and organics 2. heavy metals 3. nonmetallic inorganics 4. biological contaminants, drugs and additives  
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public water system   15 connections, 25 individuals daily at least 60 days of the year  
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community water system   15 connections for year-round or serves 25 year round residents]  
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noncommunity system   public sysem that is not a community system and can be transient noncommunity or (TWS or NTNCWS) parks, rest stops, 25 people but not the same 25 people  
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main drinking water contaminant   sewage  
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most widely used bacterial indicator   coliform  
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examples of disinfectants for water   fre and combined chlorien, chlorine dioxide, ozone, UV irradiation. Chlorine is the most common  
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disinfectant byproduct   Trihalomethant (THM) is most common  
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THM examples   chloroform, bromoform, dibromochloromethane  
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Ozone   the most pwerful disinfectant but is unstable in water  
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minimum requirement of free chlorine   o.2ppm as set by National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations  
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factors that influence the movement of groundwater   geological formation and permeability, rainfall and infiltration and hydraulic gradient  
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geomagnetics   magnetic field used to find buried metals  
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electromagnetics   measures difference in conductivity (finds boundaries of contaminated plumes around landfills with leachate  
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electrical resistivity   resistance with probes- identifies porosity and ground water limits  
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ground-probing radar   uses radar to measure reflection from water table  
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photoionization meters   finds specific volatile compounds like gasoline, methane  
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microbes travle a shourt distance though (soil)   sandy loam or clay  
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acidic soil   increases movement of pollutants in soil  
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petroleum products tend to ____   float  
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halogenated solvents tend to migrate___   downward  
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removing bacteria from liquid in soil is   inversely proportional to particle size of the soil  
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soil for removing viruses   fine loamy sand over course sand  
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igneous rocks   formed by cooling and hardening of molton rock. Not good source of water granite, dioxite, basalt (some water)  
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sedimentary   eroded rocks like sand, gravel, clay, silt, loess usually a lot of water especially sandstones, shales and limestones  
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metamorphic   heat and pressure on igneous and sedimentary (small amount of water)  
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karst areas   caves, channels, rapid groundwater movement easily polluted  
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glacial drift   sediment that is moved by glacier ice  
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porosity   amount of water that can be held by rock or soil  
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effective porosity or specific yeild   percentage of total volume or mass of water that drains freely our by gravity  
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specific retention   volume of water retained  
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permeability or hydraulic conductivity   rate of flow of water at 60F in gallons per day through cross section of 1ft2  
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transmissivity   hydraulic conductivity times saturated thickness of aquifer  
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Darcy's Law   Q=KIA (Quantity of flow per time, gpd=(hyd. Conductivity)(hydraulic gradient)(cross sectinalarea)  
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Groundwater Class 1   special groundwater-irreplaceable and ecologically vital  
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Groundwater Class 2   current and potential sources of drinking water  
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Groundwater Class 3   not considered potential sources of drinking water salt water  
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standard plate count   total colonies of bac developing from measured portions (two 1ml and two .1ml) 48 hrs at 95F  
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guinea-worm   most comon dracontiasisnhelminth  
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odor   less than 3 on threshold odor number  
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taste   not objectionalble  
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turbidity   0.5 Nephelometric turbidity units and occasionaly not more than 1NTU  
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color   less than 15 true color units  
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temperature   less than 60F  
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dug well   15-30 ft deep, not dependable  
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bored well   uses an auger to go 25-60 feet, small yields, easily pollulted  
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driven and jetted wells   pounded in and 50-100 feet deep  
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drilled well   in general, they are better, less contaminated  
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chlorine dioxide   more bowerful biocide than free cholorine but doesn't persist as long  
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ozone   most powerful disinfectant but highly unstable in water and lacks persistent redisual so usually add a secondary like chlorine  
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uv radiation   good biocide but no persistend residual  
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coagulation-flocculation   combine small particles into aggregates as part of a process (coagulation, sedimentation, flitration)  
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coagulant formation (add what?)   add chemical like alum  
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The first 3 steps of Coagulation in Coagulation-Flocculation   Coagulant formation (alum), particle destabliization, interparticle collision  
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flocculation   small particles transformed into larger pieces or floes  
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seidmentation and flotation   solid-liquid gravity separation  
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flotation   introduce gas bubbles into water that attach to solids to float to top  
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filtration   suspended matter is removed (clay, silt, organic matter,  
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mandated by the EPA surface water treatment rule   filtration- enterovirus, giardia, legionella, reduces crytosporidium resistent to disinfection  
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most common type of filter   granular media filter  
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slow sand filter   very effective, grain size .25-.35mm  
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rapid filtration   treated water through granular media bed larger sand (.5-.7mm) PRE-TREATMENT is essential  
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Pressure filters   sometimes used in rapid filtration. Water enters filters under pressure  
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standard for lead   15ppb flush for several minutes a day to reduce problem  
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standard for copper   1500 ppb may be naturally occuring causes of copper in water  
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what and where are radionuclides   raduim, uranium, polonium, can test radon in ari. Shallow wells more likely to have these  
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human caused contamination of water   nitrates, pesticides, VOC's, hazardous materials spills  
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VOC's examples   solvents, cleaners, degreasers, benzene, toluene, fuel suppliers, dry cleaners, paint shops  
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VOC's healh effects   CNS impairment, liver and kidney, skin, cancer  
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definition of coliform bacteria   rod shaped, gram negative, non-spore forming, lactose fermenting with production of acid and gas at 35C  
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E. coli   ferments lactose at 44F. Metallic green colonies on dark purple plate  
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membrane filtration   sample vacuumed through a special filter that is sealed off in growing medium 44F  
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ONPG-MUG   colilert and colisure 35C for 24 hours  
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dissolved oxygen   the amount of oxygen available in fresh water  
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BOD   amount of oxygen in water for microorganisms to decompose organic material - a measure of pollution  
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BOD Test and cause   5 days- canneries, dairy plants  
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when bod is high, DO is   when DO is low (less pollution), BOD is  
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COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)   oxygen equivelant of what is susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidant  
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standard for arsenic   10ppb  
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dissolved oxygen   the amount of oxygen available in fresh water  
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BOD   amount of oxygen in water for microorganisms to decompose organic material - a measure of pollution  
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BOD Test and cause   5 days- canneries, dairy plants  
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when bod is high, DO is   when DO is low (less pollution)  
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COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)   oxygen equivelant of what is susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidant  
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soil conditions for removal of virus and bacteria   fine loamy sand over course sand and gravel  
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this water organism dies off quickly outside of host   streptococcus  
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very resistant to unfavorable conditions and indicate past or present pollution   C. perfringens (intestines of humans and anumals) more resistant than escherichia and streptococci  
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most dependable water well   drilled well  
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best method for back flow preventor   air gap  
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what causes water hardness   dissolved calcium, magnesium bicarbonates, sulfates and chlorides  
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problems with hard water   pipes clog and heaters become coated with lime scale  
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what fixes hard water   water softener like  
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common disinfection of water   chlorine, chlorine-ammonia compounds and ozone  
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hydropneumatic tank or pressure systems are commonly used for   small communities, housing developments, private homes, camps, hotels  
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hydropneumatic tanks typically contain what percent of its volume as water?   10-20%  
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nitrate levels   MCLG for nitrate is 10 mg/L or 10 ppm  
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nitrate presence   indicates previous pollution  
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can diatomaceous earth filters stand alone?   no, they need to be augmented wit chlorine  
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epilimnion   top mixed zone of reservoir- high in o2 and algae  
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metalimnion or thermocline   transition zone of reservoir, ox decreases, best source of water  
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hypolimnion   zone of stagnation, cold, deficient in oxygen  
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hydrogen sulfide in water   rotten egg smell, makes water corrozive, death at 300 ppm  
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best way to remove nitrates   ion exchange is most practical. Reverse osmosis and electrodialysis are effective but expensive.  
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removal of cadmium   can be removed more than 90% through iron coagulation. Reverse osmosis in not practical.  
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prevent backsiphonage by (3)   vacuum breaker, air gap, backpressure units  
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backpressure   pressure from nonpotable exceeds pressure from potable  
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backsiphonage   pressure in public water system is less than that in non-potable due to a vacuum or reduced presure in potable  
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Q=AIR   watershed runoff and reservoir design  
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how should a drilled well be sealed?   cement grouting  
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sodium chloride   used in water softeners  
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plain sedimentation   quiescient (still) water settling using gravity to collect solids  
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centrifugal pump design depends on   impeller  
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sodium hypochlorite   (NaCl) can be used full strength for disinfection of water  
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pressure filter and DE earty filter commonly used for   filtration of industrial water supplies an swimming pools, generally not drinking water  
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"fresh polllution" indicator   free ammonia  
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effectiveness of chlorine depends on   pH, temp, contact time, clarity  
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copper sulfate used to   control growth of algae and protozoa  
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gases found in water that encourage corrosion   carbon dioxide and h2o  
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Nephelometric turbidity units   mesures amount of light scattered  
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testing for residual chlorine   DPD-colormetric  
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granulated activated carbon filters used for   treating water for drinks, removing taste and odor and removing organic chemicals (suspected carcinogens)  
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ozone treatement levels   1.0-1.5 mg/l  
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ozone treatment goals   remove color taste and odors, viruses, cysts and bacteria  
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control of inorganic chemicals in drinking water   sanitary survey, source ID, determination of amount of pollutants  
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trihalomethanes are created during:   prechlorination with long contact periods and sunlight langelier saturation index  
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hydraulic ram is powered by   water- water flowing in pipe is used to elevate a smaller quantity of water  
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centrifugal pump max water lift   15 feet  
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jet pump lifts water up to   120 feet but efficient at 50 feet or less  
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GAC removes tastes and odors by   adsorption  
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sewage travelled over ___ feet in sandy soil   200 feet  
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ideal water hardness level   50-80 mg/l  
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alkalinity levels (desirable)   30-100 mh/l  
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