Test #1
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| What are general characteristics of bacteria? | Small, cell walls of peptidoglycan, single-celled,auto/heterotrophic.
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| What are colonies? | Clusters of millions of bacteria growing on a solid surface.
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| Common bacterial shapes. | Circle (Cocci) - Rods(Bacilli) - Spiral(Spirilla)
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| What is a bacterial capsule? | Firmly attached glycocalx.
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| What is the structure of a bacterial capsule? | Polysaccharide
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| What is the function of the bacterial capsule? | Protection from drying. Protection from chemicals. Protection from host body's defenses. Attachment to host cells.
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| What is a flagella? | Long whip-like structures used for motility like a propeller.
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| Flagella on one end are called... | polar flagella
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| Flagella on both ends are called.. | bipolar flagella
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| Flagella all around (the perimeter) are called... | peritrichous flagella
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| Flagella that have one at each end are called... | amphitrichous flagella
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| Flagella that are several at one end are called... | lophotrichous
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| What are axial filaments? | A structure used for motility, found under the outer sheath membrane of spirochetes; move in a drilling motion.
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| What are fimbrae? | Short, hair-like, external projections with sticky molecules on the end for attachment.
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| What is a sex pilus? | Hollow tube used by bacteria to exchange genetic material.
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| What is the function of a cell wall? | Forms the shape of the cell and it functions to protect from wear and tear; maintains structural integrity.
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| What is the strcture of a Gram Positive bacterial wall? | One thick layer of peptidoglycan (sugars and amino acids bonded together into a giant molecule); also, teichoic acid on top of the plasma membrane.
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| What is the structure of a Gram Negative bacterial wall? | Plasma membrane; thin layer of peptidoglycan; thick outerlayer of mostly lipid and some protein.
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| What is the structure of a plasma membrane? | Ultra-thin layer of lipids and proteins and traces of carbs.
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| What is the function of a plasma membrane? | It controls movement of materials in and out of the cell.
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| Describe the nature of genetic material of bacteria. | A single loop of double-stranded DNA that is attached to the plasma membrane.
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| What are plasmids? | Smal extrachromosomal loops of DNA that replicate independently; can carry genes for drug resistance or virulence factors.
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| What are endospores? | Survival forms of some bacteria produced from within the cell; usually in response to adverse envisonmental conditions.
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| What are two genera that form endospores? | Bacillus spp. and Clostridium sp.
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| What are the general characteristics of fungus-like bacteria? | Gram positive bacilli that form fungus-like filaments; may produce fungus-like spores.
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| What are general caracteristics of acid-fast bacteria? | Gram positive bacilli with wax within their cell walls.
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| What are 2 examples of acid-fast bacteria species? | Nocardia spp. and Mycobacterium spp.
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| What are the general characteristics of mycoplasmas? | Smallest known cell, lacks cell walls, are pleomorphic (variable shape due to no cell wall), and grow on media with a "fried egg" appearance.
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| What are the general characteristics of Chlamydias? | Submicroscopic bacteria with oval cell walls, obligate intracellular parasites, and has 2 forms of life cycles.
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| What are the two forms of Chlamydia life cycles? | Elementary body and Reticulate body.
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| What are the characteristics of a chlamydia elementary body? | 0.3 micrometers, rigid cell wall, can survive for a short period of time outside of host cell, infectious form.
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| What is a reticulate body life cycle of a Chlamydia? | 0.5 - 1.0 micrometers, fragile cell wall, cannot survive outside of host cell, not infectious, adapted for growth.
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| What are the general characteristics of Rickettsias? | Tiny, oval, rod shaped bacteria, obligate intracelluar parasites, and most have arthropod vectors.
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