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Micro Ch2 Chemistry of Microbiology (ORG MOLECULES, Fn GROUPS)

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Question
Answer
Anything that takes up space and has mass   Matter  
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Smallest chemical units of matter   Atoms  
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In 1913, this physicist proposed the model of electrons orbiting a nucleus of protons and neutrond   Niels H. D. Bohr  
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Negatively charged subatomic particles   electrons  
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positively charged subatomic particle   proton  
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uncharged subatomic particle   neutron  
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Matter composed of a single type of atom   element  
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Number representing the number of protons in the nucleus of the atoms of an element   atomic number  
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Number representing the sum of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons   Atomic mass (sometimes called atomic weight)  
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Name for one atomic mass unit, which refers to the weight of a single proton or neutron   Dalton  
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The mass of an electron is significantly (smaller/larger) than the mass of a proton   smaller, about 0.00054 of a dalton, which is why electrons don't contribute significantly to atomic mass.  
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Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called...   isotopes  
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Isotopes are written either with a superscript number and the symbol of the element, or the name of the element followed by a number. What does the number represent?   the mass of that atom. For example, carbon-12 has 6n+6p=12. carbon-13 has 7n+6p=13.  
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When unstable isotopes release subatomic particles, this is known as...   radioactive decay  
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Which subatomic particle determines the atom's chemical behavior?   electrons  
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Isotopes of different chemicals all behave in (the same/different) way in chemical reactions.   The same. Because only the nuclei of isotopes vary, the electrons are the same and therefore have the same chemical behavior  
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Electrons move around the nucleus in 3-D patterns that are referred to as...   shells or clouds  
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The outermost shell of atoms is called...   valence shell, valence electrons  
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The combining capacity of an atom   valence  
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The valence of an atom is considered positive if...   it has extra electrons on its valence shell to give up  
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The valence of an atom is considered to be negative if...   its valence shell has spaces to fill  
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When atoms combine with one another by either sharing or transferring valence electrons in such a way as to fill their valance shells, this is what kind of bond?   Chemical bond  
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Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds are called.   a molecule  
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A molecule that contains atoms of more than one element is called...   a compound  
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What are the three types of chemical bond?   Nonpolanr covalent, Polar covalent, and Ionic  
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Which type of bonding occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons?   Covalent bonding  
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Name the attraction atom has for electrons   electronegativity  
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A covalent bond made between two atoms with similar electronegativities will be...   nonpolar  
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H-H and H:H are both what kind of formula?   Structural  
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H2 is what kind of formula?   Molecular  
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What two atoms are required to create organic compounds?   Carbon and Hydrogen  
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If a covalent bond is formed between two atoms with significantly different electronegativities, this forms a...   polar covalent bond  
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In this kind of bond, a shared electron pair will spend more of its time orbiting the more electronegative nucleus   polar covalent bond  
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In a polar covalent bond, one atom will experience a transient (partial) negative charge. Which one?   The one with the greater electronegativity because it will have an extra electron most of the time  
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Which molecules are generally water soluble?   Those with polar covalent bonds  
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Which type of bond is formed by cations and anions?   ionic bond  
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When a low-electronegative atom like Na loses an electron to a high-electronegative atom, it becomes a positively charged ion called a...   cation  
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When a high-electronegative atom like Cl gains an electron from a low-electronegative atom, it becomes a negatively charged ion called an...   anion  
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Water molecules have polar bonds that interfere with ionic bonds, causing...   dissociation or ionization  
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When dissociated cations and anions become hydrated, they are called...   electrolytes, which can conduct electricity  
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In which type of chemical bond are electrons transferred to one another, then attracted to eachother by their changed charges?   ionic  
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These weak bonds are a consequence of a polar covalent bond   Hydrogen bond  
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Term that describes the making or breaking of chemical bonds   Chemical Reaction  
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All chemical reactions begin with the atoms, ions, or molecules that will be part of the reaction. They are called the...   reactants  
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All chemical reaction result in these; they are the atoms, ions, or molecules left after the reaction is complete   products  
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term meaning chemical reactions of living things   biochemistry  
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The numbers and types of atoms (do/do not) change in a chemical reaction   do not  
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Formation of larger, more complex molecules by combining reactants   Synthesis reaction  
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Two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond, removing 2 hydrogens and an oxygen. So a water molecule will be a product   dehydration synthesis  
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This reaction occurs when a hydrogen molecule (H+) from one reactant combines with a hydroxyl ion (OH-) from another reactant   Dehydration, because H20 will be a product  
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Reactions that require energy, and trap energy within new molecular bonds   Endothermic  
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Term meaning all of the synthesis reactions in an organism   anabolism  
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The reverse of synthesis reactions, breaking bonds with larger molecules to form smaller products   Decomposition reactions  
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Reactions that release energy that were stored in their bonds   Exothermic  
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Covalent bond in a large molecule is broken down and the ionic components of water (H+ and OH-) are added to the products.   Hydrolysis, hydrolytic reaction  
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Term meaning decomposition reactions in an organism   Catabolism  
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Reactions that have features similar to both synthesis and decomposition reactions, involving breaking and forming bonds, endothermic and exothermic   Exchange reactions, aka transfer reactions  
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Chemical reactions in an organism, including catabolism, anabolism, and exchange reactions   metabolism  
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Chemicals typically lacking carbon, including water, metals, acids, bases, and salts   Inorganic substances, inorganic chemicals  
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What causes water molecules to have the cohesive properties such as surface tension?   Hydrogen bonds  
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Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions.   Acid  
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Molecules that bind with H+ when dissolved in water   Base  
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Substances such as proteins that prevent drastic changes in internal pH   buffers  
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KH2PO4   a buffer often used in microbiological media, combining with H+ in acidic conditions, releasing H+ ions in alkaline conditions  
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Cations and anions of salts which are used by cells to create electrical differences, to transfer ions, and as components of enzymes   electrolytes  
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Name the functional group: -NH2   Amino, in all amino acids  
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Name the functional group: -OH or HO-   Hydroxyl, in all alcohols  
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Name the functional group: -CHO   Aldehyde  
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Name the functional group: -CO   Ketones  
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Name the functional group: -COOH   Carboxylic acid  
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Name the functional group: -OPO3(-2)   Organic phosphates  
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Name the functional group: -SH   Thiols Sulfhydryl  
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Atoms that often appear in certain common arrangements   functional groups  
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4 macromolecules used by all organisms   carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids  
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Diverse group of organic macromolecules not composed of regular subunits and hydrophobic   lipids  
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Macromolecule composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds   Lipids (nonpolar = nonwater) include fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids  
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Type of lipid created via dehydration synthesis reaction forming esters between three chainlike acids and an alcohol named glycerol   Fats, or triglycerides  
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How many carbon atoms are in any one of the three fatty acids that make up a fat?   12 to 20  
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If every carbon atom except the terminal one is linked solely by a single bond to two hydrogen atoms, this fatty acid is said to be...   saturated fatty acid  
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If a fatty acid has at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms, thereby creating at least one carbon atom bound only to a single hydrogen atom, it is called...   Unsaturated fatty acid  
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If multiple double bonds exist in a fatty acid of a molecule of fat, it is said to be...   polyunsaturated fat  
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The type of fats found in animals that are usually solid at room temp are...   saturated, and closely pack together  
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The type of fats found in plans that are usually liquid at room temp are...   unsaturated  
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Fats can be catabolized to provide energy for these 3 functions:   movement, synthesis, transport  
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The carbon atoms of a glycerol are connected to two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group   Phospholipids  
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These lipids have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail   phospholipids  
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These lipids have one long-chain fatty acid linked covalently to a long-chain alcohol by an ester bond and are completely hydrophobic   waxes  
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A lipid that consists of four rings of 5-6 carbons with various side chains and functional groups, like cholesterol   Steroid  
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Lipid that consists of four rings of 5-6 carbons with various side chains and functional groups, one is a hydroxyl.   Sterol  
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What's the difference between a steroid and a sterol?   Sterols have an -OH on them  
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Organic molecules composed solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1   Carbohydrate  
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Large carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen are used for ________________ storage of energy   long term  
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Glucose, a smaller carbohydrate molecule, is used as a ______________________ source in most cells   ready energy  
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These macromolecules form part of the backbones of DNA and RNA   Carbohydrates  
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polymers of this macromolecule form the cell walls of most fungi, plants, algae, and prokaryotes   carbohydrates and phosphates  
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The simplest carbohydrates are simple sugars, known as...   monosaccharides  
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The general name for carbs with 5 carbons like deoxyribose, the sugar component in DNA, is ...   pentose  
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Sucrose, a disaccharide, is created by the linkage of glucose and fructose by releasing a water molecule. This process is known as...   dehydration synthesis  
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A long unbranched molecule of only B-1,4 bonds of glucose that is the main constituent of plant and algae cell walls   Cellulose  
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A long unbranched molecule of only a-1,4 bonds of glucose that is a starch storage compound in plants   Amylose  
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A highly branched molecule with both a-1,4 and B-1,4 bonds of glucose formed in animal livers   Glycogen  
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Cell walls of bacteria are composed of polysaccharides and amino acids, making...   peptidoglycan  
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Name the elements which compose proteins   C, H, O, N, S  
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Name 3 functions proteins perform   Structure, catalysis, regulation, transportation, defense/offense  
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Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called...   amino acids  
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An amino acid has these components:   a carbon attached to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen (H), and a side group ("R")  
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How many amino acids are used by most organisms to synthesize proteins?   21  
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Base or acid: carboxyl group   acid  
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Base or acid: amino group   base  
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Because amino acids have both acidic carboxyl and basic amino groups, this means...   it has both positive and negative charges and is easily soluble in water  
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D forms of molecules bend light in which direction?   clockwise ("D" often means right, and clockwise is sort of to the right)  
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L forms of molecules bend light in which direction?   counterclockwise ("L" for left)  
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organic molecules that have both a D and an L form, with all the same atoms and functional groups but are mirror images of each other   stereoisomers  
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The what are the common stereoisomer for amino acids and sugars?   Amino acids - L Sugars - D  
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What is a peptide bond?   A covalent bond by dehydration synthesis between the carbon of one amino acid's carboxyl and the nitrogen of another's amino group  
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two amino acids linked together is called a...   dipeptide (polypeptide is more)  
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This structure refers to the sequence of amino acids and can drastically affect the overall structure and function of the protein, even forming a prion   Primary structure  
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This structure refers to the repetitive a-helices or B-pleated sheets formed by ionic and hydrogen bonds   Secondary structure  
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This structure refers to non repetitive 3-D shapes caused by covalent bonds between -R groups of amino acids, hydrogen and ionic bonds, and other molecular interactions   Tertiary structure  
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This structure can cause nonpolar sides of chains to fold away from water   Tertiary structure  
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In tertiary structure, these covalent bonds are critical in maintaining tertiary structure   disulfide bridge  
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This structure refers to the linking of two or more polypeptide chains by disulfids bonds making a globular or fibrous shape   Quaternary structure  
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glycoproteins are made by covalently binding what two molecules?   protein and carbohydrate  
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lipoproteins are made by bonding what two molecules?   Lipids and proteins  
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The process by which a disruption occurs to the 3-D structure by change in temp, pH, NaCl concentration, etc interfering with hydrogen and ionic bonds   denaturation  
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Unbranched macromolecular polymers containing vital genetic material of cells and viruses   DNA and RNA  
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Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide   phosphate (PO4), a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base  
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Name the 5 cyclic nitrogenous bases   Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thyamine, Uracil  
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Name the 2 double-ringed purines   Adenine, Guanine  
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Name the 3 single-ringed pyrimadines   Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil  
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Which pentose sugar does DNA contain?   deoxyribose  
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Name the parts of a nucleoside   pentose sugar and nitrogenous base. It's like a nucleotide without the phosphate  
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Polymerization of nucleic acids result in a linear spine composed of these two alternating groups.   phosphates and pentose sugars  
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What do you find at the 5' end of a nucleotide chain?   Carbon 5' of the sugar attached to a phosphate group  
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What do you find at the 3' end of a nucleotide chain?   Carbon 3' of the sugar is not attached to a phosphate group  
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How many hydrogen bonds form between Cytosine and Guanine?   Three  
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How many hydrogen bonds form between Adenine and Thymine or Uracil?   Two  
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Two DNA strands run so that one is from the 3' end to the 5' end and the other is the opposite. What is this called?   antiparallel  
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This is the genetic material for all organisms and many viruses, and carries instructions for RNA synthesis   DNA  
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What is the principal short term recyclable energy supply for cells?   ATP  
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ATP is a structural molecule in what?   Coenzymes, like flavin adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide nucleotide, coenzyme A  
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Think you know organic molecules?   Scroll down and click on the target to TEST yourself  
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