Biology test 1
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| Chromosome | Stranded structure of DNA, caries genes (histone protients that it is wrapped around it)
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| Nucleotide | Building blocks of nucleic acids (base, sugar, phosphate)
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| Nucleic Acid | A chain of nucleotides (DNA, RNA)
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| DNA |
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| RNA | A type of nucleic acid (single-stranded), critical to protein synthesis
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| Atom | The smallest unit of a elments (protons, neutrons, elections)
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| Amino Acid | Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins
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| Enzyme | Compound that spends up a reaction w/o being changed by it
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| Carbohydrate | Simple sugar - energy storage, goes through process of cellular respiration (made up of glucose)
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| Gene | Sequence of DNA is a particular place on a chromosome that determines its particular trait
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| Genome | Organisms complete set of genetic material
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| Epigenome | environmental conditions that change our DNA
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| Mutation | permanent change in the nucleotide sequence DNA
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| Nucleus | Found in eukaryotic cells, sac that carries DNA
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| Ribosome | Organelle of protein synthesis, rNA
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| Plasma membrane | a cell's outermost membrane
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| Cell receptor | protiens that are outside of the cell that binds to the outside of a cell
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| Stem cells | Cells that are able to differtiate into different types of cells depending on where they are in the body, different types of stem cells are able to differentiate to different extents
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| Cell cycle | reproduces or replicates (cells form till the cytoplasm divides)
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| Cellular Metabolsim | when cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down molecules
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| Transcription | RNA is assembled from nucleotides
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| Translation | Protein synthesis
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| Gene expression | Process where information in a gene is expressed and activated
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| Gene regulation | when a gene expression is turned on (make sure there are too few or too many)
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| Cancer | cancer occurs when the process of cellular reproduction is disabled that there is a massive number of cells that are created
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| Cell cycle | A series of events from the time a cell froms until the cytoplasm divides
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| Centrosome | Where chromosomes connect
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| Malignant | Tumors that cause cancer (cells altered)
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| Mitotic spindle | made of microfibers that help separate the chromosomes fro cell reproduction
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| Neoplasm | A clump of abnormal cell during mitosis - forms a tumor
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| Onogene | Gene that helps transform a normal cell into a tumor cell
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| Proto-oncogene | Gene by mutation that can become a oncogene (gene mutation)
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| Interphase | Before Mitosis - replicates DNA
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| Prophase | 1. Chromsomes condense and become attached to spindles
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| Metaphase | 2. Cells chromsomes are alighned midway
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| Anaphase | 3. Sister chromatids sperate and move to opposite spindle poles
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| Telophase | 4. Chromsomes decondense, cleavage furrow splits, and new nuclei form
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| Reproduction | process of individuals producing offspring
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| Asexual reproduction | Offspring arise from a single parent through Mitosis
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| Sexual reproduction | Offpsring arise from two parents, Meiosis
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| Meiosis | Nuclear division that halves the chromosome number (23)
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| Fertilization | Fusion of two gametes (egg and sperm) to form zygote
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| Allele | Two parents carry the same gene with same trait (forms a gene)
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| Trait | observable characteristic
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| Germ cell | sperm and egg cells (reproductive cells)
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| Gamete | Mature, haploid reproductive cell (mature)
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| Sperm | XY
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| Egg | XX
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| Zygote | diploid cell from by two gametes, one cell
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| Haploid | half/one set of chromsomes
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| Diploid | Two sets of chromsomes (identical to parent cells - identical daughter cells)
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| CRossing over | Process during Meiosis where homologous chromsomes come together and exchange segments
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| Nondisjuction | Mutation in the gene sequence: failed homoglous chromsomes to sperate during Meiosis
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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