flashcards for biology final semester 1
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| Independent Variable | The variable that is on the x axis
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| Dependant Variable | The variable that is on the y axis
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| Qualitative data | tests quality NO NUMBERS
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| Quanititative data | tests quantity YES NUMBERS
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| Control Group | the group that isn't changed
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| Constants | parts of an experiment that don't change
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| Types of population growth | logistic and exponential
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| Logistic growth | for large animals: reaches a carrying capacity and stops increasing
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| Exponential growth | for small animals: grows by a factor of x
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| carrying capacity | the most animals of one species that an ecosystem can support
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| Primary producers | plants. Make their own food
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| herbivores | secondary consumers. Eat only plants
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| carnivores | terciary consumers. Eat only animals.
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| omnivores | terciary consumers. Eat both plants and animals
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| decomposers | eat dead plants and animals
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| food web | a representation of the different ways animals are connected by food in an ecosystem
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| pyramid of energy | shows all of the trophic levels
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| predatation | hunt for own food
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| parasitism | one creature benefits while the other is harmed
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| mutualism | both creatures are benefited
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| commensalism | neither creature is benefited nor harmed
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| keystone species | a species on which an entire ecosystem depends
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| exotic species | a species that is new to an ecosystem
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| human population | is reaching carrying capacity
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| monosaccharides | single molecule sugars: glucose
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| disaccharides | two molecule sugars: sucrose
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| polysaccharides | many molecule sugars: starch
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| monomer of carbohydrates | monosaccharides
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| monomer of lipids | fatty acids
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| monomer of proteins | amino acids
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| monomer of nucleic acids | nucleotides
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| condesation reaction | makes water
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| hydrolysis | requires water
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| structure of enzymes | 3D; have an active site; are special proteins
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| function of enzymes | lower activation energy for a reaction: catalysts
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| denature | when an enzymes active site is changed and can no longer function
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| coenzymes | required to help enzymes
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| plasma membrane | made up of phospholipids and proteins. Is selectively permeable.
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| phospholipids | have a hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails
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| cytoplasm | where all reactions in the cell take place
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| ribosomes | make and transport proteins
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| cytoskeleton | keeps the cells shape
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| nucleus | brain of the cell
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| smooth ER | makes fats and breaks down toxins
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| rough ER | associated with ribosomes. Proteins travel through this
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| golgi bodies/apparatus/complex | processes and packages proteins
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| lysosome | digests and recycles waste and dead organelles
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| vesicle | a membrane bound sac that transports large molecules
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| mitochondria | produces energy in form of ATP
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| cell wall | wall of a cell: solid
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| chloroplasts | where photosynthesis takes place
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| vacuole | where water; food; and waste are stored
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| eukaryotic cells | """true nucleus"". Has a nucleus"
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| prokaryotic cells | """before nucleus"". Has no nucleus or many organelles. Circular DNA"
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| facilitated diffusion | happens with channel or carrier proteins. Requires no energy
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| active transport | endocytosis and exocytosis. Requires energy
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| endocytosis | bringing molecules into the cell
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| exocytosis | transports molecules out of the cell
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| ATP | the molecule used for energy by eukaryotic cells
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| Endergonic reactions | use energy
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| Exogonic reactions | release energy
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| Glygolysis | anaerobic: yeilds lactic acid breaks down glucose. GLUCOSE --> ATP+NADH+PYRUVATE
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| fermentation | anaerobic:yeilds ethanol
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| cellular respiration | glycolysis; krebs cycle; electron transport chain
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| Krebs Cycle | PYRUVATE --> NADH=FADH2+ATP
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| Electron Transport Chain | NADH+FADH2 --> ATP
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| Calvin Cycle | ATP --> GLUCOSE
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| Light Dependant Reactions | LIGHT --> ATP
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| Hypertonic | the cell has more of a substance than the solution so it will shrink
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| Hypotonic | the cell has less of a substance than the solution so it will swell
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| Isotonic | the cell has the same amount of a substance than the solution so it will stay the same size
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| chemical formula for cellular respiration | C6H12O6+6O2 --> 6H2O+6CO2+ATP
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| chemical formula for photosynthesis | 6H2O+6CO2+ Light --> C6H12O6+6O2
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Created by:
rainasarah
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