Pathophysiology Winter 2008
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| Pathophysiology | An external loss of homeostasis (normal balance)
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| Mitochondria | cellular energy metabolsim
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| Nucleus | surrounded by the cytoplasm, contains genetic material, primary function is cell division and genetic information control
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| Cell Membrane | phospolipid membrane which is intact and semipermable
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| Vesicles | small intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances
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| RER | RNA complexes that are in the cytoplasm, primary function is site of protein synthesis
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| Lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes (hydrolasas)
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| Waste product of CAC | CO2
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| ATP Produced by Glucose | 4 (2 used)
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| CAC location | Mitochondria
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| Passive Transport | Diffusion- no energy needed
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| Mediated Transport | involves transmembrane proteins
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| Active Transport | the protein membrane transports molecules in and out of the cell
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| Example of Active Transport | Na/ K Pump (Master Pump)
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| Endocytosis | enfolds substances from outside the cell and separates the plasma membrane moving the item into the cell
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| Exocytosis | the vacuole is release out of the cell into the extracellular matrix
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| Osmosis | Diffusion of water from LESS concentration to HIGH concentration
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| Epithelial Tissue | internal and external cels
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| Connective Tissue | france work on which epithelical cells cluster
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| Muscle Tissue | long, thin, highly contractile
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| Neural Tissue | highly specialized, recieves and transports electrical impulses
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| Atrophy | DECREASE in size of cells not in number of cells/ cell damage
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| Example of Atrophy | Ulcer nerve syndrome
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| Hypertrophy | INCREASE in cell size not in number of cells
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| Example of Hypertrophy | Heart Hypertrophy
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| Hyperplasia | INCREASE in number of cells
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| Example of Hyperplasia | keloids, precaneous lesion
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| Metaplasia | Change in cell type AND number (Pathological only)
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| Example of Metaplasia | Smokers Lunger (puesdo stratifed cells)
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| Dysplasia | Change in cell type AND number/ loss of specifity
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| Example of Dysplasia | Prelimarly tumor
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| Hypoxia | Decreases oxygen (cell makes less ATP/ less functioning)
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| Anemia | Full oxygen/ DECREASED blood flow
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| Obstruction/ Cessatino of blood flow lead to.... | Ischemia
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| Ischemia leads to... | DECREASED Mitochondiral Oxygenation
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| Decreased Mitochondrial Oxygenationation leads to.... | DECREASED ATP and Severe degeneration of Mitochondria
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| Decreast of ATP in the cell leads to... | DECREASE of the Master Pump (K/Na) and INCREASED Glycolysis
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| DECREASED in the master pump leads to.... | Intracellular water, Na and Ca AND Extracellular K
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| Intracellular water, Na and Ca AND Extracellular K leads to... | Cellular swelling AND Organelle damage
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| NCREASED Glycolysis leads to.. | DECREASED Glyosis
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| Decreased Glyosis leads to.. | INCREASED Latate and DECREASED pH
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| INCREASED Latate and DECREASED pH leads to... | Nuclear chromatin (nonfunctioning) AND swelling of lysosomes
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| Swelling of lysosomes leads to... | INCreased relates of lysosomal enzymes = cell autodigestion
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| Excessive vacuolation of cytoplasm leads to... | membrane breakdown/phosopholids break down and make vacules (stops cell communication)
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| Oxygen does this to phospholipids? | changes the structure by removing the double bond so that all phospholipds stick together
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| Membrane damage leads to... | loss of phosopholids, activation of inflamation,increase of FR, loss of function
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| loss of phosopholids, activation of inflamation,increase of FR, loss of membrane function leads to... | release of enxymes (CPK and LPH) AND increase of Ca intracellular (enzyme stimulates to death)
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| T/F Excess is bad for function. | True, excess gets in the way of function.
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| Free Radical | an unbalanced molecule that has too many or to few elections that will steal elections from any other molecule and trigger negative events
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| Paulk and FR | thought if you took in mass doses of vitamin C you could rid your body of FR
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| Super Oxide | A oxygen with only 7 elections. (very dangerous FR)
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| Causes of DNA Damage | UV, Ionizing radition, nuclear fallout, smoking, hydroxyl radicals/ air pollution, Extra produced from the ETC, and Inflammation (wbc)
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| SOD | Super Ocide Disupase (VERY Bad)
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| Catalase | makes H202 (bad) into 2 molecules of water (good)
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| FR and DNA | conjugate AT/ CG's so they can't replicate (naturally the body can repair
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| FR and Vitamin C and E | FR will attach to Vit-C and carry it out of the body/ Vit-E will attach also but then give to vit-c to carry out of the body
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| Direct toxcity by combining with a molecular component of the cell leads to... | cell leaks
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| Indirect toxic through the production of reactive FR leads to... | change in cell structure
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| CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride and the Liver | the liver attemtps to metabolize this non toxic structure made makes it toxic
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| Lead poisioning leads to... | inhibition of the calcim channel at the neural juction
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| S/S Lead posioning | convulsions, delirium, paralysis
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| Carbon Monoxide Posioning Leads to... | hypoxic injury (binds 300X tighter to Hmgb)
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| Ethanol Toxicity leads to ... | CNS depression
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| Hallmark of Ethanol Toxicity is.. | forgetting
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| S/S of Ethanol Toxicity | Not restful sleep, forgetting, slow response
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| S/S of Carbon Monoxide | Headache, Giddiness, Tinnitus (ringing in ears), Nausea, Weak, Vomiting
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| Ethanol becomes ADH which becomes.... | Acetaldeyde (which is used for preserving cadavers)
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| Acetaldehyde goes to ACDH which leads to.... | Acatate (aCO and CO2) and FR
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| Necrosis | Cell murder
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| Apoptosis | Cell suicide
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Created by:
jamilah