BIO205 - CH10 - Classification of Microorganisms - Tortora - Rio Salado - AZ
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| Taxonomy | Classification of living forms & establishing relationships between one group and another to differentiate between them.
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| Taxonomy provides a common __. | Reference for identifying organisms already classified.
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| taxa (taxon) | Taxonomic catagories that show degrees of similarities among organisms - domain, kingdom, phylum, etc.
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| All organisms are related through __. | evolution
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| Systematics/phylogeny | Study of the evolutionary history of organism.
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| Hierarchy of taxa reflects evolution, or __. | phylogeneric relationships
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| phylogenetic | Evolutionary relationships
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| The 3 Domain system is based on what? | Rivosomes are not the same in all cells.
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| Comparing the sequences of __ in ribosomal RNA from cells shows difference in the 3 Domains. | Nucleotides
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| Besides differences in rRNA, the 3 domains differ how? | Membrane lipid structure, tRNA, & sensitivity to antibiotics.
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| The Domain Archae includes all prokaryotes that __. | don't have peptidoglycan in their cell walls & often live in extreme environments.
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| Name a bacteria with a "true" nucleus. | Gemmata bacteria
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| What indicates that endosymbiotic prokaryotes gave rise to mitochondria & chloriplasts. | Similarities including rRNA sequences.
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| What "part of speech" is the specific epithet (species)? | Adjective - the genus is a noun.
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| Eukaryotic species is taxonomically defined as? | A group of closely related organism that can interbreed.
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| A genus consists of a species that __. | differ from each other in certain ways but are related by descent.
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| Related species make up a __. | genus
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| Related genera make up a __. | family
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| Similar families constitute an __. | order
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| Group of similar orders makes up a __. | class
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| Related classes make up a __. | phylum
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| Each species belongs to __. | a genus, family, order, class, & phylum
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| In a pure culture, the microbes are __. | clones - population of cells derrived from a single parent cell.
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| Non identical pure cultures are called __. | a strain
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| Protists are being divided into groups called __. | clades - genetically related groups.
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| Fungi develop from __. | spores or from fragments of hyphae
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| hyphae | thin tube cells joined together - fungi
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| What kingdom do mosses belong to? | plantae
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| Which kingdom do sponges belong to? | anamalia
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| Morphological characteristics are? | Structured - size, intracellular, structures, endospores, & flagella.
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| What types of test are widely used to differentiate bacteria? | Gram stain & enzymatic activities
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| Serology | Science that studies serum & immune responses that are evident in serum.
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| Antigenic | Microorganism that enter an animal's body stimulate it to form antibodies.
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| Antiserum | A blood-derived fluid containing antibodies.
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| Slide agglutination test | Samples of unknown bacterium placed on slide & antiserum added to induce agglutination (clumping).
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| Agglutination results when bacteria are mixed __. | with antiserum (antibodies)
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| Serological testing can differentiate __. | microbial species & strains within species.
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| Strains with different antigens are called __. | serotypes, serovars, or biovars
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| Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). | Antibodies placed in a microplate & an unknown type of bacterium is added - reaction provides ID of bacteria.
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| How are the slide agglutination test & ELISA test similar? | Both use antibodies to test unknown bacterium.
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| Western blotting | Used to ID antibodies in patient's serum - known proteins removed from bacterium/virus by electrophores - blotted into filter & then patient's serum washed over filter - if they have antibodies, they will cling.
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| phage typing | Test for determining which phages a bacteria is susceptible to - looks for similarities among bacteria.
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| Name 2 diseases diagnosed by Western blotting. | HIV & Lyme disease
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| The sources of food-associated infections can be traced by __. | phage typing
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| What is being identified in phage typing? | Wherever the pages are able to infect & lyse the bacterial cells, clearings in the bacterial growth (called plaques) appear.
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| What is FAME? | Fatty acid methyl ester - fatty acid profile that tests for which fatty acid a bacteria metabolizes.
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| Flow cytometry | A moving fluid containing bacteria is forced through a small opening - test for electrical conductivity - or light skattering.
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| DNA base composition | Percent of guanine plus cytosine (G + C).
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| The base composition of a single species is theoretically __. | a fixed property
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| The comparison of the __ content in different species can reveal the degree of species relatedness. | G + C
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| A 40% GC bacteria & a 60% bacterium are __. | probably not related
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| What comprises DNA fingerprints? | A comparison of the number & sizes of restriction fragments (RFLPs).
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| What is an RFLP? | Restriction fragments produced when DNA subjected to a restriction enzyme.
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| Nucleic acid hybridization | 2 single strands of DNA are cooled & bind to each other through complementary base pairing - the greater the degree of hybridization, the greater the degree of relatedness.
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| Nucleic acid hybridization reactions are the basis of what techniques? | Southern Blotting, DNA chip, ribotyping & ribosomal RNA sequencing, & FISH.
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| Southern Blotting | Uses DNA probes to detect the pretense of specific DNA in restriction fragments separate by electrophoresis.
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| A DNA chip is composed of __. | DNA probes
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| DNA chip | Sample of DNA is labeled with fluorescent dye & hybridization between probe DNA & the DNA in sample that is dyed is detected by fluroscence.
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| Ribotyping uses __. | rRNA - smaller portion of ribosomes
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| What is on a DNA chip to make it specific for a particular microorganisms? | Synthetic single-stranded DNA sequences.
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| What is FISH? | Fluorescent in situ Hybridization - determines identity, abundance, & relative acting of microbes in an environment.
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| In FISH, cells are treated and probe reacts with? | The target ribosome in the cell.
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| What is stained using the FISH technique? | Microorganisms in place - probe enters and reacts with target ribosome in cell.
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| Dichotomous keys | ID scheme based on successive paired questions - one question leads to another pair of questions till organism identified.
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| Cladograms | Maps showing evolutionary relationships.
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| Each branch point on the cladogram defines? | A feature shared by various species on that branch.
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