Final Review-- Political Science, 1st Semester, Savage
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| Amendment 1 | This describes the 5 freedoms; freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of petition, and freedom of assembly.
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| Amendment 2 | right to bear arms
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| Amendment 3 | no quartering of soldiers during peacetime
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| Amendment 4 | prohibits unreasonable seaches and seizures
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| Amendment 5 | the accused can only be brought to trial if indicted by a grand jury, guarantees due process of law, no double jeopardy, no slef incrimination, we have to right to private property and eminent domain
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| Amendment 6 | right to a lawyer and a speedy and public trial
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| Amendment 7 | guarantees a jury for all civil cases
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| Amendment 8 | no cruel and unusual punishment, no excessive bail or fines
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| Amendment 9 | other rights
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| Amendment 10 | if the federal government doesn't have the right, it belongs to the states and people
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| Amendment 11 | States cannot be sued in Federal Court by any individual
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| Amendment 12 | Each elector would now cast one vote for President and one for a Vice President (replaced Article II, Section 1, Clause III)
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| Amendment 13 | Abolished slavery
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| Amendment 14 | States cannot deny civil rights to any citizen (Bill of Rights applies to states)
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| Amendment 15 | The right to vote cannot be denied because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
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| Amendment 16 | Congress has the power to tax personal income
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| Amendment 17 | Senators are elected by the people of each state
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| Amendment 18 | The manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the US is prohibited
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| Amendment 19 | Women have the right to vote
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| Amendment 20 | President takes office on Jan 20, not March 4. Congress begins terms on Jan 3.
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| Amendment 21 | Repealed 18th amendment
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| Amendment 22 | No President can serve more than 2 terms or 10 years
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| Amendment 23 | People who live in Washington, D.C. have the right to vote for P and VP. W, DC has 3 electoral votes.
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| Amendment 24 | Prohibits poll taxes
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| Amendment 25 | Presidential succession, what happens if President cannot carry out duties
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| Amendment 26 | Lowers minimum voting age to 18
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| Amendment 27 | Gives pay raise to members of Congress, not enacted until next session
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| John Adams | 2nd President, only federalist P.
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| Aristotle | ancient Grecian scholar
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| Benjamin Franklin | 2 treaties, famous inventor
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| Alexander Hamilton | leader of federalists, Secretary of Treasury
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| Patrick Henry | antifederalist, "Give me liberty..."
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| Thomas Hobbes | social contract theory
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| John Jay | leader of federalists
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| Thomas Jefferson | wrote Declaration of Independence, supported Const't only if with Bill of Rights
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| John Locke | expanded social contract theory--when the gov't doesn't do their part, the people aren't obligated to either
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| James Madison | Father of Constitution/Bill of Rights, 4th President
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| Karl Marx | "The Communist Manifesto", communism
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| Gouverneur Morris | Scribe for Constitution
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| William Patterson | New Jersey/Small State Plan
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| Roger Sherman | Great/Conneticuit Compromise
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| Adam Smith | laissez-faire, "Wealth of Nations," capitalism
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| George Washington | 1st President, leader of colonies' armies
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| The Declaration of Independence | TJ, 1776, Philly
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| 1st National Gov't of US | Articles of Confederation
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| Mount Vernon and Annapolis | meetings to discuss trade; led to Constitutional Conventions
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| 4 characteristics of a state | sovreignty, government, territory, population
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| 4 theories about the origin of state | evolutionary theory, force theory, divine right theory, social contract theory
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| Framer's favorite theory of origin of state | social contract
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| 4 responsibilities of gov't | maintaining social order, providing public services, providing national security, and making economic decisions
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| weaknesses of Articles of Confederation | couldn't tax, enforce laws, make laws w/o 9/13 states' approval, regulate trade; had no executive or judicial branch
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| Libel | false written statements intended to damage a person's reputation
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| Slander | false spoken statements intended to damage a person's reputation
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| The Bill of Rights | 1st 10 amendments, 1791
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| Search warrants | 4th amendment- must have one to conduct a search
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| Ratification of Constitution | 9/13 states needed
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| Eminent domain | power of gov't to take private property for public use
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| Self-incrimination | protected by 5th amendment
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| Proposing amendments | 2/3 each house in Congress, 2/3 states request nat'l convention
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| Ratifying amendments | 3/4 state legislatures, 3/4 state conventions
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| Admission of new states to union | Congress has sole power
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| Test CAN'T be used as qualification for holding public office | religious test
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| Types of Congressional sessions | normal, joint, special sessions
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| Date of Congressional elections | November of even numbered years
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| Sessions of Congress | begin on Jan 3
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| Qualifications for Rep | 25 years old, citizen 7 years, resident of state
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| Qualifications for Senator | 30 years old, citizen 9 years, resident of state
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| Article I, Section 8, Clauses 1-17 | expressed powers of Congress
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| Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 | elastic clause
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| sole power of impeachment | House
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| tries impeachment cases | Senate
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| House officers | Speaker of House, majority/minority leaders, majority/minority whips
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| Senate officers | VP, President pro Tempore, majority/minority leaders, majority/minority whips
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| Override | 2/3 Congress
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| Terms of office | Rep-2, Sen-6, Pres-4, FedJudge-life
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| Term of Congress | 2 sessions
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| # of current term | 110th
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| Joint sessions | House and Senate meet together
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| Special sessions | called in time of crisis when Congress is otherwise not in session
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| Standing committee | permanent, for specific subject
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| Select committee | temporary, for crisis/emergency
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| Joint committee | either standing or select with members from both houses
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| Conference committee | joint select; compromise on different versions of same bill passed in each house
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| House Rules Committee | schedules debate for bills
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| Filibuster, cloture | method of defeating bill in Senate; time restriction on speaking to prevent the above
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| Loose Constructionists | Alexander Hamilton; liked elastic clause
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| Strict Constructionists | TJ; thought elastic clause should only be used in dire situtuations
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| McCulloch v. Maryland | Bank of US; major victory for Loose Constructionists
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| 5 sources of ideas for bills | executive branch(main source), citizens, groups of citizens, member of Congress, committee of Congress
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| Bill death | 90% bills die in committee
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| Presidential salary | $400K/year, determined by Congress
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| Presidential succession | VP--Speaker--President pro Tempore--Secretary of State--Secretary of Treasury
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| electors per state | # members in Congress from state
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| Military powers of President | Commander in Chief
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| Presidents that have been impeached | Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton
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| 22nd Amendment--why? | FDR served more than 2 terms
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| 25th Amendment--why? | Kennedy was assasinated
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| Presidential benefits | salary, use of personal transportation, free healthcare, lives in White House, lifetime pension
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| 2 duties of VP | oversees Senate, determines Presidential disability
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| Tradition of serving two terms | set by George Washington, broken by FDR
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| 1st two American political parties | Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
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| 3 formal qualifications for President | 35 years old, natural-born citizen, resident for 14 years
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| informal qualifications for President | male, white, Christian, married, descended from immigrants of N. Europe, financially successful, lawyers, previous political positions, if not political-generals, politically moderate
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| Presidents who died in office of natural causes | Harrison, Taylor, Harding, FDR
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| Presidents who were assasinated in office | Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, JFK
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| Opinions of Supreme Court | majority/concurring written by justices of majority; dissenting written by justice of minority
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| Supreme Court appointed and approved by | appointed by Pres, confirmed by Senate
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| Rule of Four | if 4 judges want to review a case, it will be reviewed
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| Federal Court Jurisdiction | federal laws, Constitution, treaties with foreign nations, cases involving foreign ambassadors, 2 or more states, US gov't/office/agencies, citizens who are residents of different states, citizens who claim land under different states
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| Sessions of Supreme Court | begin 1st Monday in October, end somewhere around June
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| Judicial review | Supeme court has power to check other branches
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| Dual system of courts | Federal and State courts parallel but only intersect at Supreme Court
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| Minor offense | results in ticket or citation
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| Misdemeanor | up to a year in prison
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| Felony | more that a year or death sentence
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| Marbury v. Madison | established judicial review; Marbury wanted to be a judge
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| Supreme court annual salary | Chief justice: $212,100; Associate justices: $203,000
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| Removal of federal judges | impeachment or by a disciplinary board/committee
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| Supreme Law of the Land | Constitution
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| Briefs | submitted by each side and by amicus curiae to Supreme Court
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| Supreme court tie? | lower court's decision stands
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| Evidence needed for a criminal case | to prove beyond reasonable doubt
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| proof needed for civil case | more than opponent
(preponderance)
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