CanColl May12 MCQ AP1 C
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| ICF = | intracellular fluid - inside the cell - main cation is postassium K+ (postively charged)
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| ECF = | extracellular fluid - outside the cell - aka - institial fluid - main cation is sodium Na+ and main anion is choride Cl-
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| the inside of the cell is more negative or more positive than the outside of the cell | more negative
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| what are the main types of passive transport across the cell membrane? | diffusion and osmosis
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| what is the most important or main type of active transport across the cell membrane? | the sodium/potassium pump - moves (3)sodium out of the cell and brings (2) potassium in
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| Name the four main types of tissue | epithelium, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue
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| which type of tissue is blood | connective tissue
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| blood is made up of these three cells | erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
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| What is the role of each of the cell types in blood? | RBC - transports O2 and CO2 WBC - immunity, phagocytosis and allergic reactions Platelets - important in clotting
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| compact bone is comprised of many.... | osteons aka Haversian systems. Each osteon is made up of four main structures.
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| what are the four main structures which make up an osteon? | lamellae - rings of fibres that give strength, lacunae - spaces that contain osteocytes, canaliculi - channels providing routes for nutrients and waste, central canal - vascular + nerves
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| what is the basic unit of compact bones | the oseon aka the Haversian system
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| what does the red bone marrow do? | produces red blood cells
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| what does the yellow bone marrow do? | contains energy in the form of triglycerides (fats)
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| functions of the skin | regulation of body temp, protection, sensation, excretion, immunity, blood reservoir, synthesis of Vitamin D
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| of the four tissue types - which one is avascular: epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve... | epithelial tissue is avascular
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| name the five layers (strata) of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
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| under the epidermis is a layer called the | dermis
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| the dermis is made up of two layers called | superficial - papillary and deeper - reticular region
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| what layer of skin creates your unique pattern - called fingerprints | the papillary region of the dermis
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| the dermis is attached to the underlying organs by what layer | the subcutaneous layer aka hypodermis
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| which layer is avascular? epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous | epidermis
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| skin colour is a result of what pigments | melanin, carotene and hemoglobin
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| albinism is: | an inherited inability to produce melanin
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| vitiligo is: | a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin - resulting in irregular white spots
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| sebaceous glands are also known as | oil glands
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| sebaceous glands are found where on the body - and secret what substance? | found all over the body - except the palms and soles - secret sebum
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| sudoriferous glands are also known as | sweat glands
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| the main function of sweat glands is | to regulate body temp and remove body waste
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| what are the two types of sweat glands | eccrine and apocrine
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| which type of sweat gland is more common: eccrine or apocrine? | eccrine - they are throughout the skin - except for lips, nail beds, penis, clitoris, labia and eardrums. They are most numerous on palms and soles.
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| apocrine sweat glands are found where? | mostly in the axilla, pubic and areolae regions
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| how are apocrine glands different from eccrine | their secretion is more viscous than eccrine - they begin to function at puberty and are stimulated during stress or sexual excitement
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| what are the special sweat glands of the ear called? | ceruminous glands
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| what to ceruminous glands secrete? | cerumen (ear wax)
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| The central nervous system consists of | the brain and the spinal cord
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| the peripheral nervous system consists of | the cranial and spinal nerves
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| the PNS can be subdivided into the | somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
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| the autonomic nervous system ANS can be further divided into the: | Sympathetic Nervous division and the parasympathetic Nervous division
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| Afferent describes | sensory nerves - passing information from the PNS to the CNS
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| What are the main two routes for afferent nerves within the spinal cord | spinothalamic tracts - pain, temp, crude touch and deep pressure; posterior column tracts - proprioception, discriminative touch, pressure and vibrations.
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| Efferent decribes | motor nerves - passing information from the CNS to the PNS
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| the two main routes for efferent nerves within the spinal cord | direct (pyramidal) pathway - precise, voluntary movement of skeletal mm ; indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway - autonomic movements, also vision, mm tone, equilibrium
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| known as fast, predictable, automatic responses to changes in the environment: | reflexes
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| how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? | 12 pairs
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| how many cranial nerves are there? | 24 (remember - 12 pairs)
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| how many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs
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| how many spinal nerves are there? | 62
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| How do I remember those numbers | simple 1231 12 pairs and 31 pairs... 1231..
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| name the five functional components of a reflex arc | receptor, sensory neuron, integrating centre, motor neuron, effector
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| name the parts of the brainstem in descending order. | mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata (plus the reticular formation throughout)
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| name the parts of the diencephalon | epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus
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| what are the functions of the parts of the diencephalon? | epithalamus (melatonin, sleep, biological clock), thalamus (central processing unit, subthalamus (connects to motor areas of cerebrum) hypothalamus (regulates ANS)
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| what is the largest part of the brain? | cerebrum - contains gyri, fissures and sulci
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| name the lobes of the cerebrum | frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
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