BIO205 - Ch 5 - Microbial Metabolism - RioSalado - AZ
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| Chemoautotrophs | CO2, iron, sulfer, hydrogen gas, & ammonia
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| Catabolic reactions __. | produce energy
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| Anabolic reactions __. | use energy
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| Catabolic reactions are generally __ reactions and __. | hydrolytic - reactions that use H2O to break bonds; exergonic - produce more energy than they consume.
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| Example of catabolism. | When cells break down sugars into CO2 & water.
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| Anabolism reactions are __ reactions & involve __ synthesis & are __. | biosynthetic - dehydration (reactions that release water); endergonic - consume more energy than they release.
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| Examples of anabolic reaction. | Formation of proteins from amino acids & mucleic acids from nucleotides.
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| __ reactions provide building blocks for __ reactions. | catabolic - anabolic
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| __ stores energy derived from catabolic reactions. | ATP
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| __ reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown. | Anabolic
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| __ reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. | Catabolic
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| A cell's metabolic pathways are determined by its _. | enzymes - which are determined by cell's genetic makeup.
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| 3 factors that determine if collision will cause chemical reaction. | (velocities of colliding particles, (2) their energy, (3) chemical configurations.
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| The collision energy required for chemical reaction is its __. | activation energy - energy required to disrupt stable electron configuration of specific molecule to rearrange electrons.
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| The frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about reaction. | Reaction rate - depends on the number of reactant molecules at or above activation energy level.
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| Two ways to increase reaction rate. | Raise temperature - molecules move faster & raise pressure increases concentration.
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| __ increases reaction rate without raising temperature. | enzymes
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| The __ formed by temporary binding of enzyme & reactants lowers activation energy of reaction. | enzyme - substrate complex
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| The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their __. | structures
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| Turn over number describes? | Max number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule can convert to products each second.
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| Protein portion of enzyme. | apoenzyme
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| Nonprotein portion of enzyme. | cofactor - iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, etc.
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| Apoenzymes are __ by themselves & must be __ by cofactors. | inactive - activated
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| Together, the apoenzymes & cofactor form a __. | holoenzyme - whole, activated enzyme.
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| Many coenzymes are derrived from __. | vitamins - like NAD+ & NADP+ - both come from vitamin B niacin & are electron carriers.
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| Factors that influence enzyme activity. | Temperature, pH, substrate, concentration, presence/absence of inhibitors.
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| Why is there a reduced reaction rate beyond optimal temperature? | The enzyme denatures - loses its 3-D structure.
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| Why does pH alter enzyme function? | H+ & OH- compete with hydrogen & ionic bonds & causes denaturation.
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| How do competitive inhibitors operate? | Bind reversibility or irreversibly with enzyme & fill active site of enzymes.
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| Allosteric inhibition | noncompetitive inhibitor binds to allosteric site of enzyme, not substrate active site.
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| What does allosteric inhibition do to active site of enzyme? | Causes active site to change shape and become nonfunctional or functional.
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| Allosteric inhibitors play a role in __. | feedback inhibition
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| Feedback inhibition generally acts on __. | the first enzyme in a metabolic pathway.
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| ribozyme | Unique type of RNA that functions as catalyst and act on RNA strands.
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| __ is the removal of electrons from atom or molecule, that often produces energy. | oxidation
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| __ gaining one or more electrons. | reduction
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| redox reaction | Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupled - one substance is oxidized & another is simulationeously reduced.
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| Most biological oxidations involve loss of __ atoms and are called __ reactions. | hydrogen - dehydrogenation
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| Glucose has many __ atoms & are highly __, containing a large amount of potential energy. | hydrogen atoms - reduced.
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| Much of the energy released during oxi-red reaction is trapped in cell by __. | formation of ATP - one phosphate added to ADP with input of energy.
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| The symbol "~" designates? | A high energy bond that is readily broken to release usable energy.
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| 3 mechanisms of phosphorylation. | (1) substrate - level, (2) oxidative, & (3) photophosphorylation.
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| Substrate-level phosphorylation | ATP generated when phosphate directly transferred to ADP
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| Oxidative phosphorylation | Electrons transferred from organic compounds to carriers (NAD+ & FAD) - electron transport chain - releases energy to generate ATP from ADP.
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| Electron transport chain uses which type of non-photosynthetic phosphorylation mechanism? | Oxidative phosphorylation
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| photophosphorylation | in photosynthetic cells - water & CO2 plus pigments - convert light energy to ATP & NADPH using electron transportation chain.
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| Almost every reaction in metabolic pathway is __. | catalyzed by a specific enzyme
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| Most organisms __ as their primary source of cellular energy. | oxidize carbohydrates - carbohydrate catabolism
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| Glycolysis is the oxidation of __ to __. | glucose to pyruvic acid
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| Krebs cycle is oxidation of __ to __. | acetyl CoA - CO2
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| In electron transport chain __ and __ are oxidized. | NADH & FADH2
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| Embden-Meyerhof pathway | glycolysis
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| Net gain of __ molecules of ATP for each glucose that is oxidized. | 2
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| Pentose phosphate pathway | Operates in bacteria alongside glycolysis - net gain of one ATP from glucose oxidized.
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| Entner-doudoroff pathway | in bacteria - gram-negative
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| decarboxylation | losing 1 molecule of CO2
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| Types of chem reaction in Krebs cycle | decarboxylation, oxidation-reduction, & substrate-level phosphorylation
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| The CO2 we exhale is due to? | CO2 produced from Krebs cycle in most cells.
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| What are the most important products of Krebs? | NADH & FADH2 - because they contain most of the energy orginally stored in glucose.
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| 3 classes of carrier molecules in ETC. | Flavoproteins, cytochromes & coenzyme Q
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| Function of transport chain is to? | Release energy from higher-energy compounds to lower-energy compounds.
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| The buildup of __ on one side of membrane provides energy for generation of ATP by chemiosmotic mechanism. | protons
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| Mechanism of ATP synthesis using ETC is __. | chemiosmosis - proton diffusion across membrane releases energy & is used to synthesize ATP.
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| Where do chemiosmosis occur in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? | Inner mitochondrial membrane - ATP synthase at plasma membrane.
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| Where does chemiosmosis occur in photophosphorylation? | The thylakoid membrane.
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| Total number of ATP generated from chemiosmosis? | 34
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| Total number of ATP generated from aerobic respiration among prokaryotes? | 38
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| Total number of ATP generated from aerobic respiration among eukaryotes? | 36
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| Why less ATP generated in eukaryote than prokaryote? | Some energy loss at mitochondrial membrane - prokaryotes don't use mitochondrial membrane.
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| Name some final acceptors for anaerobic respiration. | nitrate ion (NO3-), sulfate (SO4^2-), carbonate (CO3^2-)
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| Fermentation | Releases energy from sugars or organic molecules without oxygen, no Krebs or ETC, & small ATP result - generates NAD+ & NADP+ to continue glycolysis.
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| In fermentation, ATP is generated __. | only during glycolysis
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| homolactic | microbes that produce only lactic acid through fermentation.
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| heterolactic | microbes that produce only lactic acid and alcohols.
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| deamination | Breaking down amino acids so they can be catabolized.
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| carbon fixation | synthesis of sugar using carbon atoms from CO2 gas - necessary for photosynthesis.
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| light-dependent reaction - photophosphorylation | light absorbed by chlorophyll in thylakoids, ETC, & ATP converted to ATP by chemiosmosis.
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| Calvin-Bensen cycle - light -independent reaction. | CO2 is fixed to synthesize sugars
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| Which molecule is used to synthesize sugars in Calvin-Benson cycle? | CO2
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| Chemotrophs | Depend on oxidation - reduction reaction for energy - most animal, fungi, protozoa, & bacteria
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| heterotrophs feed? | on others
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| autotrophs feed? | themselves using CO2
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| saphrophytes | live on dead organic matter
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| parasites | derive nutrients from living host
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| amination | adding an amine group to pyruvic acid to make an amino acid - building blocks of life.
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| Joining of amino acids to form proteins involves? | dehydration synthesis & requires ATP
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| Amphibolic pathway | Metabolic pathways used for both anabolism & catabolism - dual purpose.
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