BIO202 - Ch 26 - Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid/Base P1- Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| Infants are __% water, average young man is __%, average woman __, & elderly is __. | 73%, 60%, 50%, 45%
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| Of all body tissues __ is least hydrated. | Adipose
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| Skeletal muscle is __% water. | 75%
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| People with more muscle mass have __ water. | more
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| List major fluid compartments & the % water there. | Intracellular (ICF) 40%, Extracellular (ECF 20%), & is plasma or interstitial (IF)
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| Nonelectrolytes | Usually covalently bonded solutes - no electric charge & doesn't dissociate in solution - lipids, urea, & creatine
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| Electrolytes | Dissociate into ions in water - conductive salts, acids, bases & some proteins.
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| __ have greater osmotic power than __. | electrolytes, nonelectrolytes
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| __ have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. | electrolytes
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| Electrolyte concentration expressed as __. | milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
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| The chief cation in extracellular fluid is __ & chief anion is __. | Sodium - chloride
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| Chief cation in ICF is __ & major anion is __. | potassium - hydrogen phosphate (HPO42-)
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| __ & __ ion concentration is opposite between ECF & ICF. | sodium - potassium
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| __ account for most bulk mass in body fluids. | nonelectrolytes (phospholipids, cholesterol, & triglycerides).
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| Exchange & mixing of body fluids regulated by __. | osmotic & hydrostatic pressures
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| Ion fluxes are restricted & ions moved selectively by __. | active transport or through channels.
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| Increasing ECF solute content causes __. | a shift of water out of the cells
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| Decreasing ECF solute content causes __. | a shift of water into the cells.
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| Nutrient & waste exchange occurs through __. | interstitial fluid (IF)
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| Typical water intake per day? | 2500 ml
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| Insensible water loss | Water that vaporizes out of lungs or skin.
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| Rise in plasma osmolarity triggers? | (1) thirst, (2) ADH
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| Where is the thirst center? | hypothalamus
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| What causes dry mouth? | Rise in plasma oncotic pressure (less water leaves blood stream)
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| 4 ways body loses water | (1) urine, (2) evaporation from lungs/skin, (3) sweat, (4) feces
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| 4 ways solutes are gained | (1) ingestion, (2) secretion from cells, (3) respiration, (4) metabolism
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| 3 ways solutes are lost | (1) urinary excretion, (2) respiration, (3) sweating
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| Metabolic wastes | Uric acid (from nucleic acids), ammonia (amino acids), urea (ammonia & CO2)
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| What in hypothalamic thirst center triggers thirst? | Osmoreceptors losing water by osmosis to hypertonic ECF, angiotension II, etc.
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| When we drink, what satisfies thirst sensation? | mucosa moistened & stretch receptors in stomach
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| When ADH levels are low, water is __. | not reabsorbed - allowed to pass through - dilute urine
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| Decrease in ECF osmolarity __ ADH release. | inhibits
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| Increase in ECF osmolarity __ ADH release. | stimulates
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| Decrease in blood pressure causes __ to secrete ADH | posterior pituitary - large loss of blood
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| Another name for ADH | Vasopressin - because it constricts arteries & increases BP
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| oliguria | decreased urine output
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| hypotonic hydration | over hydration - cells swell - hyponatremia
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| hyponatremia | low ECF Na+ - cells swell
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| Increased capillary permeability usually due to __. | ongoing inflammatory response
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| Edema caused by hindered fluid return to blood usually reflects __. | inbalance in colloid osmotic pressures on both sides of capillary membrane.
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| Hypoproteinemia | Unusually low levels of plasma proteins - resutls in tissue edema - fluids forced out of capillary beds, but fail to return. Interstial space congested.
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| What impact does edema have cardiovascularily? | Decreases blood volume & BP
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| Electrolyte balance usually refers to? | Salt balance in body - sodium, potassium, calcium
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| pica | Appetite for abnormal substances - like chalk
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| __ "has the most to say" about renal regulation of sodium ion conentration in ECF. | aldosterone
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| 65% of Na+ in renal filtrate is reabsorbed __. | in the proximal tubules of kidneys & 25% more in loops of Henle
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| When aldosterone is __ all filtered Na+ is reabsorbed. | high
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| Aldosterone promotes both __ & __ retention. | sodium & water
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| Even though Na+ excretion always results in water excretion__. | doesn't always result in Na+ excretion.
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| Most important trigger for aldosterone release from adrenal cortex. | renin - angiotension mechanism
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| Renin-angiotension mechanism is mediated by __. | juxtaglomerular apparatus of renal tubules.
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| Renin releases from kidneys in response to? | Decrease NaCl concentration, increase BP, or ANS.
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| Renin catalyzes reactions to produce __ which prompts __ release. | angiotensin II, aldosterone
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| High renal BP & NaCl depresses release of __. | renin
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| Elevated K+ levels in ECF stimulates adrenal cortical cells __. | to release aldosterone
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| Principal effects of aldosterone. | Diminish urinary output and increases blood volume.
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| Principal effects of angiotension II. | Raise blood volume & BP.
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| People with Addison's lose __. | NaCl & water to urine.
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| Primary influence of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. | ANP - reduces BP & BV by inhibiting nearly all vasoconstriction, & Na+ & water retention.
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| natriuretic | salt excreting
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| ANP promotes | (1) excretion of Na+ & H20 by kidneys, (2) supression of ADH, renin, & aldosterone, (3) relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.
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| Estrogens are similar to __. | aldosterone - enhances NaCl reabsorption by renal tubules.
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