Mr. Hardcastle's 8th Grade History Flash Cards
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| Renaissance | a time of increased interest in art and learning
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| Christopher Columbus | 1492, 4 voyages, trying to find a faster way to Asia
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| Treaty of Tordesillas | moved the line of demarcation more than 800 miles farther to the west.
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| Mercantilism | an economic system in which nations increase their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade
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| Amerigo Vespucci | America is named after this man
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| John Cabot | One of the first explorers to chart a northern route across the Atlantic Ocean to explore for the English
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| Spanish Armada | a fleet of ships sent in 1588 by Phillip II, the Spanish king, to invade England and restore Roman Catholicisim-Defeated by England's ships
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| Middle Passage | The voyage of the slave ships from Africa to the Americas, part of the triangular trade route
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| African Diaspora | Forced removal of Africans from their homeland
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| Columbian Exchange | The movement of living things between hemispheres (transfer of diseases, crops, animals)
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| Roanoke | the lost colony
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| Joint-Stock Company | companies backed by investors, people who put money into a project to earn profits
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| Sir Walter Raleigh | soldier, statesman, and adventurer who sponsored roanoke colony
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| Charter | a written contract
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| Jamestown | 1607, first permanent establishment in America
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| John Smith | "He that will not work shall not eat"
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| Indentured Servants | men and women who could not afford the passage to the Americas. Worked for many years to earn their freedom
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| House of Burgesses | 1619--First representative government in the American colonies
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| Tobacco | very popular crop grown in Jamestown
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| John Rolfe | brought tobacco to Jamestown, married Pocahontas
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| Bacon's Rebellion | 1676--a revolt against powerful colonial authority in Jamestown by Nathaniel Bacon and a group of landless frontier settlers that resulted in the burning of Jamestown
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| Pilgrims | Separatist group who fled from King James to seek religious freedom
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| Virgina Company | funded the pilgrims trip to the new world
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| Mayflower Compact | 1620-an agreement of the men aboard the mayflower created to provide laws for the colonies
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| Puritans | left Englad to escape King James I, they wanted to "purify" the practices the church of England
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| Great Migration | thousands of puritans migrated across the atlantic ocean to New England
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| "New England Way" | a term used to describe the pruitans beliefs which included duty, godliness, hard work, and honesty
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| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | a set of laws that were established in 1639 by a Puritan congregation who had settled in the Connecticut Valley and that expanded the idea of representative government
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| Thomas Hooker | (blank)
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| John Winthrop | (blank)
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| Roger Williams | founder of the Rhode Island colony
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| Anne Hutchinson | believed that a person could worship God without the help of a church, minister, or bible
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| Quakers | tremble or quake at the word of the Lord, lived in Rhode Island
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| King Philip's War | a war between the Native Americans and the Puritan colonies
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| Salem Witchcraft Trials | several village girls told stories of being bewitched and falsely accused several people, 20 were put to death
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| Middle Colonies | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
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| New England Colonies | New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island
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| Southern Colonies | Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
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| William Penn | large landowner in America, member of the Quakers
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| Royal Colony | a colony ruled by governors appointed by a king
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| James Oglethorpe | founder of Georgia as a refugee for debtors
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| Backcountry | The Appalachian mountains west
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| Subsistence Farming | producing just enough food for your family and a little extra to trade in town
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| Triangular Trade | the transatlantic system of trade in which goods, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America
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| Navigation Acts | a series of laws pased by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to ensure that England made money from its colonies' trade
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| Smuggling | importing or exporting goods illegally
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| Cash Crops | Crops raised to be sold for money
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| Artisans | a skilled worker, such as a weaver or a potter, who makes goods by hand; a craftsperson
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| Conestoga Wagon | German built wagon used to carry produce to town
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| Overseers | men hired by planters to watch over and direct the work of slaves.
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| Stono Rebellion | a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws
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| Fall Line | where waterfalls prevent large boats from moving farther upriver
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| Piedmont | means "foot of the mountians"
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| Clans | large groups of families that claim a common ancestor
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| Benjamin Franklin | Who said "Join or Die"
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| Land ownership | what gave colonists political rights as well as prosperity
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| Children as young as ______ were expected to be useful | 3-4
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| apprentice | around age 11, many boys left their fathers to become apprentices
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| Most children were taught how to read so they could understand what | The Bible
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| Most children finished their formal education by what age | 7
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| Poor Richard's Almanack | An almanack created by Benjamin Franklin
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| Great Awakening | a revival of religious feelings in teh American colonies during the 1730's and 1740's
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| Johnathan Edwards | one the best know preachers during the "great awakening"
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| George Whitefield | drew thousands of people with his sermons and raised funds to start a home for orphans
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| Enlightenment | emphasized reason and science as the pathway to knowledge
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| Benjamin Franklin | poet, writer, signer of the declaration of independence, enlightenment figure
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| John Locke | argued that people have natural rights-life, liberty, and property
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| Magna Carta | 1519-limited the power of the king, guaranteed important rights to noblemen and freemen
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| Parliament | England's chief lawmaking body
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| Edmund Andros | royal governor sent by King James II--angered colonists by ending their representative assemblies
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| Glorious Revolution | the overthrow of English King James II in 1688 and his replacement by William and Mary
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| English Bill of Rights | an agreement signed by William and Mary to respect the rights of English citizens and of Parliament, including the right to free elections
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| Salutary Neglect | a hands-off policy of England towards its American colonies during the first half of the 1700's
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| Zenger Trial | 1735, John Peter Zenger stood trial for printing criticism of a New York governor, clamied he had freedom to speak the truth, later was released
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| French and Indian War | part of the seven year war that took place in the American colonies
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| Ohio River Valley | disputed area during the French and Indian War
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| Albany Plan of Union | Benjamin Franklins first formal proposal to unite the colonies, didn't go through
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| Battle of Quebec | the turning point in the French and Indian war, british won
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| Treaty of Paris | the 1763 treaty that ended the French and Indian war--Britian claimed all of the territory east of the Mississippi River
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| Pontiac's Rebellion | a revolt against British forts and American settlers in 1763, led in response to settlers claims of Native American lands
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| Proclamation of 1763 | an order in which Britian prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
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| King George III | British monarch, who wanted to enforce the proclamation and keep peace with Britian's Native American allies
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| Quartering Act | 1765--cost saving measure that required the colonies to quarter, or house, British soldiers and provide them with supplies
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| Sugar Act | 1764--this law placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other products shipped to the colonies
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| Stamp Act | 1765--This law required all legal and commercial documents to carry an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid. (diplomas, contracts and wills)
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| Patrick Henry | "If this be treason, make the most of it"
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| Boycott | a refusal to buy
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| Sons of Liberty | lawyers, merchants, and craftspeople who stagged peaceful and nonpeaceful protests against the acts
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| Crispus Attucks | first person to die in the Boston Massacre
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| Townshend Acts | 1767--a series of laws passed by Parliament that suspended New York's assembly and established taxes on good brought into the British colonies
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| Writs of Assistance | a search warrant that allowed British officers to enter colonial homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods
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| Samuel Adams | leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty urged colonists to resist British control,
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| Daughters of Liberty | called on colonists to weave their own cloth and use American products
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| Boston Massacre | a clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which five of the colonists
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| John Adams | defended the British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trial
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| Committees of Correspondence | a group of people in the colonies who exchanged letters on colonial affairs
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| Tea Act | 1773--gave the British East India Company control over the American tea trade, taxing the colonists for british tea
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| Boston Tea Party | 1773--Sons of liberty organized a revolt against the Tea Act dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor
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| Intolerable Acts | 1774--British Parliament passed a series of laws to punish the Massachusetts colony
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| General Thomas Gage | appointed to enforce the Intolerable acts in the colonies
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| Coercive Acts | what the British called the Intolerable Acts
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| First Continental Congress | delegates voted to ban all trade with Britian until the Intolerable Acts had been repealed, also called on each colony to begin to train troops
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| Paul Revere | "the British are coming, the British are coming"
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| Lexington and Concord | first battles of the Revolutionary war
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| Loyalists | those who supported the British
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| Patriots | those who sided with the colonists
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| Ralph Waldo Emerson | author who said the first shot of the Revolutionary War was the "shot heard round the world"
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| Ethan Allen | led the band of backwoodsmen known as the Green Mountain Boys
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| Artillery | cannons and large guns
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| Second Continental Congress | agreed to form the Continental Army
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| Continental Army | colonial army led by George Washington
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| Battle of Bunker Hill | British victory, but showed continental army was strong
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| Colonel Prescott | "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes"
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| Olive Branch Petition | last attempt at peace, document asking the king to restore harmony between Britain and the colonies
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| Benedict Arnold | accused of treason against the colonies
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| Common Sense | phamplet written by Thomas Paine convincing American colonists that a complete break with England was necessary
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| Richard Henry Lee | introduced a key resolution and called for the colonies to become "free and independent states" and declared that "all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is ...totally dissolved."
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| Declaration of Independence | July 4th, 1776--13 colonies declaring their independence from British rule
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| The committee that drafted the Declartion of Independence | Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson
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| Author of the Declartion of Independence | Thomas Jefferson, 33 years old
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| Most famous part of the Declaration of Independence | "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalenable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."
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| Wilderness Road | a trail into Kentucky that Daniel Boone helped to build
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| Republic | the people choose representatives to govern them
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| Articles of Confederation | a document, adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States
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| Land Ordinance of 1785 | called for surveyors to stake out six mile-square plots, called townships, in the Western lands. These lands later became known as the Northwest Territory
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| Northwest Ordinance | Described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed
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| Weaknesses of the Articles | Lacked power to enforce laws, lacked power to levy taxes, lacked power to regulate trade among the states, required all 13 states to approve changes in the Articles
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| Shay's Rebellion | an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers in 1787
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| Constitutional Convention | a meeting held in 1787 to consider changes to the Articles of Confederation; resulted in teh drafting of the Constitution
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| Virginia Plan | a plan proposed by Edmund Randolph, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, that proposed a government with three branches and a two-house legislature in which representation would be based on a state's population or wealth
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| New Jersey Plan | a plan of government proposed at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that called for a one-house legislature in which each state would have one vote.
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| Great Compromise | the Constitutional Convention's agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representative in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house
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| 3/5 compromise | the Constitutional Convention's agreement to count three-fifths of a state's slaves as popluation for purposes of representation and taxation
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| Federalism | system of government in which power is shared between the central (or federal) government and the states
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| Federalists | those who supported the Constitution took the name
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| Antifederalists | thought the constitution took too much power away from the states and did not guarantee rights for the people
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| The Federalists Papers | series of essays defending and explaining the Constitution
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| Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791, and consisting of a formal list of citizens' rights and freedoms
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| George Mason | most influencial anti-federalists leader. Would not consider the constitution if the bill of rights was not added.
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| popular sovereignty | a government in which the people rule
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| Republicanism | based on the belief that people exercise their power by voting for their political representatives
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| Federalism | system of government in which power is divided between a central government and smaller political representatives
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| Separation of Power | division of basic government roles into branches
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| Checks and Balances | each branch of government are separate, they rely on one another to perform the work of the government
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| limited government | in American government everyone, citizen and powerful leaders alike, must obey the law
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| Individual rights | personal liberties or privileges
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