| Term |
Define |
further definement |
| Segmental demyelinaion |
Schwann cell dysfunction; damage to myelin sheath; loss of saltatory conduction, replacement has shorter internodes and thinner insulation; inc in NA channels; slower |
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| Damage to the PNS |
damage to the axon: axonal degeneration(more lethal than SD), primary damage to axon followed by myelin sheath dissolution |
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| Focal axonal Damage |
trauma or ischemia induced; wallerian dege: distal to a site of wound, sequence of axonal and myelin degneration; denervation atrophy |
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| Wallerian Degeneration |
cleaning out dead portion; 1. swelling near cut; 2. hypertrophy of the neurofiliments; 3. shrinkage of myelin sheath; degeneration of the axon |
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| Nerve regeneration |
the further you are from the cell body the more likely it will; may or may not; most likely not; permanent loss of function |
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| Ulnar Nerve Syndrom |
compression of ulnar nerve; repair: move ulnar nerve on top; doesn't cure just preserves current function |
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| Guillanin-Barre Syndrome |
Autoimmune PNS inflammatory neuropathy; preceded by viral infection; tcell mediated immune attack on myelin sheath; transient; treatable if caught within days; one person in 100,000; more prevalent with alcoholics |
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| Chronic Immune Demyelinating Polyneuropathy |
Autoimmune PNS inflammatory neuropathy; Remissions and relapses; Demyelination mediated by serum antibodies(macrophage); segmental; thin myelin sheaths; loss of saltatory conduction; conduction block; slow nerve conduction speed; < 80% slower |
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| MS |
Autoimmune CNS inflammatory neuropathy;Autoantibodies activate the complement system against myelin sheath; sclerotic plaques build up around myelin sheath; activates immune response |
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| Myasthenia Gravis |
ACH & receptors autoantibodies; disrupts Ach; destruction of the muscle membrane; complement activation; destruction of neuromuscular junction; increase receptor trunover |
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| Leprosy |
Infectious PNS Neuropathy; schwann cells invaded by mycobaterium leprae; segemental demyelination; multilayered thickening and endoneurial fibrosis; loss of pain fibers, loss of sensory function 1st |
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| The cognitive |
normal consciousness; arousal; reticular activating system content of thought - sleep wake cycle; awareness: self, environment; mood |
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| causes of alterations in state of arousal |
acute onset: structural change(bludgeon), metabolic change(blood flow); psychogenic change(schizo, behavior; pathologic process;infectios; vascular; neoplastic; traumatic; congenital; degenerative(alz parkinson); metabolic |
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| Patterns of Breathing(Concepts of Neurological Dysfunction[cognitive system]) |
16-20 bpm; indicate level of brain function based on rate, rhythm, and pattern; normal breathign is controlled by forebrain, as consciousness decreases lower brainstem regulates breathing in respsonse to co2 levels |
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| Vommiting(Concepts of Neurological Dysfunction[cognitive system]) |
lower brain functions; most cns disorders produce nausea and vomiting- over stimulated thalamus |
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| Pupillary changes(Concepts of Neurological Dysfunction[cognitive system]) |
indicates presence and level of brainstem dysfunction(hypoxia produces dilated fixed pupil) |
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| Oculomotor repsonses(Concepts of Neurological Dysfunction[cognitive system]) |
Reflexive eye movements change in various level of brain dysfunction |
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| motor responses(Concepts of Neurological Dysfunction[cognitive system]) |
motor respsonse evaluate the level and site of brain dysfunction |
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| Brain Death |
brain cannot maintain bodies internal homeostasis |
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| Cerebral Death |
irreversible coma; death of hemispheres not affecting brainstem and cerebellum |
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| Vegatative State |
complete unawareness of environment and self |
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| Cerebral Hemodynamis |
Cerbral Blood Volume: 75ml 15% of cardiac output; Cerebral blood flow: uses 20% of o2, affected by co2 and o2 levels; cerebral perfusion: normal 80mmHg, less than 70 insuffiant; intracranial pressure 5-15mmHg |
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| Alterations to Cerebral Hemodynamis |
Increased intracranial pressure: tumor, edema, excess CSF(blocked drain), hemorrhage; Results in equal loss in volume of other contents: CSF, alt. in cerebral blood flow(stroke), structural changes(herniation - lethal - major structural changes |
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