| Question |
Answer |
| cell |
smallest organization of matter that is alive |
| tissue |
a collection of cells with a similar structure and a similar function |
| organ |
a collection of two or more tissues that are working together to perform a function |
| organ system |
a collection or organs working together to perform a function |
| organism |
all the organ systems |
| four basic groups of tissues |
nervous, muscular, epithelial, connective |
| extracellular matrix |
nonliving substance around the cell |
| -blast |
stem cell; forms the tissue |
| -cyte |
mature cell; maintains the tissue |
| -clast |
related to the white blood cells; breaks down tissue, important in remodeling |
| macrophage |
large motile cell; phagocyte |
| mast cell |
non-motile connective tissue cell |
| dense collagenous connective tissues |
fibroblast cells; great tensile strength and stretch resistance; found in tendonds, most ligaments |
| chondrocyte |
cartilage cell; located in lacuna |
| lacuna |
a small space within the extracellular matrix |
| extracellular matrix |
collagenous fibers; firm, flexible, resilient; no blood supply |
| osteocyte |
mature bone cell; in lacuna; maintains matrix |
| articulations |
where joints meet |
| tendons |
bands of dense collagenous connective tissue; connect muscle to bone |
| ligaments |
bands of dense collagenous connective tissue; connect bone to bone |
| long bones |
longer than they are wide; most bones of the appendages; often act as levers |
| short bones |
about as long as they are wide; blocky; bones of wrist and ankle |
| flat bones |
thin, flattened, usually curves; bones of cranium, sternum, ribs, scapular |
| irregular bones |
do not fit in the other three categories; facial bones, vertebrae |
| compact bone |
forms an outer shell; dense and strong |
| cancellous (spongy) bone |
honeycome of microscopic interconnected boney rods and plates; central to the compact bone |
| diaphysis |
tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones; composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity |
| epiphyses |
expanded ends of long bones; exterior is compact bone and the interior is spongy bone |
| periostem |
double-layered protective membrane; outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue |
| endosteum |
delicate membrane covering internal surface of bone; single layer of cells containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Haversian system (osteon) |
the structural unit of compact bone |
| lamellae |
thin sheets of extracellular matrix; organized into sets of concentric rings |
| cancellous bone |
lighter; space for marrow; located in epiphysis or in inner portion of the bone |
| osteoclasts |
large cells that resorb or breakdown bone |
| Process of ossification |
osteoblast secretes organic matrix; matrix becomes mineralized; trapped osteoblast becomes an osteocyte; osteocytes maintain the bone matrix |
| intramembranous ossification |
occurs within the membrane |
| endochondral ossification |
begins as cartilage |
| clot formation |
torn blood vessels hemorrhage; a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site; site becomes swollen, painful, and inflames |
| callus formation |
occurs two or three days after the injury; blood vessels and connective tissue stem cells invade the clod; formation of a fibrous netqork and cartilage between the broken bones |
| callus ossification |
oseoblasts enter the callus and begin forming cancellous bone; usually complete 4-6 weeks after injury |
| cacitonin |
secreted by thyroid gland; inhibits osteoclast activity and thus decreases blood calcium levels |
| parathormone |
secreted by parathyroid glands; stimulates osteoclast cells to breakdown bone minerals to raise blood calcium levels |
| bone types by structure |
fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial |
| synarthroses |
immovable joints |
| ampiarthroses |
slightly moveable joints |
| diarthroses |
freely movable joints |
| sutures |
occur between the bones of the skull; comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers |
| syndesmoses |
bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament; movement varies from immovable to slightly variable |
| gomphoses |
peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket |
| synchondroses |
a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; all synchondroses are synarthrotic; ex- epiphyseal plates of children |
| symphyses |
hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage; ex- pubic symphysis of the pelvis |
| bursa |
reduces friction |
| tendon sheath |
elongated bursa; wraps completely around a tendon |
| plane (type of synovial joint) |
two opposed flat surfaces; between carpal bones |
| saddle (type of synovial joint) |
two saddle shaped surfaces at right angles to one another; movement in two planes; carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb |
| hinge (type of synovial joint) |
allows movement in only one axis; knee, finger joint, elbow |
| pivot (type of synovial joint) |
rotation around a single axis; joint between 1st and 2nd vertebrae |
| ball-and-socket (type of synovial joint) |
multiple axes, movement in three planes; hip, shoulder |
| condyloid/elipsoid (type of synovial joint) |
a type of ball-and-socket joint; oval articular surface of one bones fits into a complementary depression of another bone; biaxia movement; wrist joint |
| flexion |
decreasing the angle at the joint, usually in the sagittal plane |
| extension |
increasing the angle at the joint, usually in the sagittal plane |
| hyperextension |
extension past the anatomical position |
| dorsiflexion |
flexion at the ankle; the foot is in a partially flexed position |
| plantar flexion |
extension at the ankle |
| abduction |
movement away from the sagittal plane |
| adduction |
movement toward the sagittal plane |
| circumduction |
the limb is moved to circumscribe a cone |
| rotation |
movement of a bone around an axis without displacing it from that axis; head |
| medial rotation |
the anterior surface of the limb moves toward the median plane |
| lateral rotation |
the anterior surface of the limb moves away from the median plane |
| supination |
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is in the anatomical position (face up) |
| pronation |
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is face down |
| eversion |
rotation of the foot so that the sole of the foot is turned outward |
| inversion |
rotation of the foot so that the sole of the foot is turned inward |
Ch.18 LTI-MA 509
