| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| Q Which are the typical thoracic vertebrae? | A T2-8, but really 4-8......? |
| Q The SP's of T1-3 stick straight out, how do the other thoracic vertebrae angle? | A these are long and overlapping. they angle inferiorly. |
| Q What distinguishes typical from atypical thoracic vertebrae? | A the costal facets |
| Q T1,9,10-12 are atypical thoracic vert. Which of these has one sup demifacet only? | A T9 |
| Q T1, 9, 10-12 are atypical thoracic vert. Which of these have a full facet only? | A T10-12 |
| Q T1,9,10-12 are atypical thoracic vert. What kind of facets does T1 have? | A T1 has a full facet for rib 1, and a demifacet for rib 2 |
| Q Which direction do the sup articular facets face in the lumbar vert? | A medially and pos. In other words, in the sagittal plane |
| Q Where are the accessory processes found on lumbar vert? | A posterior aspect of the base of TP |
| Q How many vertebrae are found in the sacrum? | A 5 fused vert. |
| Q The median crest of the sacrum is the remnant of the SP, and the lat crest is the remnant of the TP, what is the medial/intermediate crest a remnant of? | A the articular process |
| Q There are 4 sacral foramina, and 4 transverse lines on the sacrum. What are the transverse lines a remnant of? | A the vertebral discs |
| Q How many articular processes are there on the sacrum? | A 3. 1 inf, and 2 sup. |
| Q Don't forget about those cornu things on the sacrum and coccyx. | Cornu are "horns" so to speak, and they are found on the inf border of sacrum, and sup border of coccyx |
| Q The coccyx has 4 vert. How many of these are fused? | A 3 are fused. This means that Co 1 articulates with all three lower Co vert. |
| Q When does developement of the vert begin and end? | A Week 8 in utero, 25 yoa |
| Q Where are primary ossification centers located? | A centrum/body, and both vertebral arches( those make the lamina, pedicle, AND TPs) |
| Q There are 5 secondary ossification centers in the vert. Where are they? | A sup/inf annular epiphysis, tip of the SP/TP's |
| Q This is the name for a failure of fusion of the laminae in a vert. | A Spina bifida (no SP->open space) |
| Q Spina bifida occurs in about 24% of the population, and most commonly in what spinal segments? | A L5/S1 |
| Q Spina bifida cystica is caused by neural tube defects in what week in utero? | A week 4 |
| Q When spina bifida cystica is associated with herniation of the meninges, it is called "meningocele". What is it called when associated with herniation of the spinal cord? | A meningomyelocele |
| Q The three types of joints in the body are Synovial, ________, and ________ | A Fibrous, cartilaginous |
| Q There are 6 types of synovial joints. What are they classified according to? | A Shape, or movement type. (ball/socket, saddle, pivot, hinge, condyloid, plane) |
| Q These joints are classified by the LENGTH of the fibers. | Fibrous, and there are 3 classifications; suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis |
| Q Interestingly enough, a joint united by fibrocartilage is not a fibrous joint. What type of joint is it? | A Cartilaginous, along with those united by hyaline cartilage. There are primary (growth plates) and secondary (symphyses) cartilaginous joints. |
| Q The uncovertebral joints ( of luschka) are between thebody of C vert. and subjacent uncinate processes. These are synovial-like, but what binds the articular space? | A The IVD. |
| Q Classify the Z joint | A plane/gliding synovial. AKA facet-joint. Note, they are spoon shaped in lumbars. |
| Q The atlanto-occipital joints mainly allow slight nod-yes motion. What kind of joints are these? | A condyloid synovial |
| Q The atlantoaxial joints are plane/gliding synovial type. How are these joints oriented? | A ***In the Horizontal plane |
| Q The atlantodental joint is a pivot-synovial joint. How much head rotation does it give you? | A about 60% |
| Q Which is the strongest spinal ligament? | A The ALL -ant long lig |
| Q The ant. long. lig extends from the sacrum to C1, and continues on as what? | A the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane |
| Q The ALL (ant. long. lig.) wraps the vertebral column laterally to what point? | A the IVF |
| Q What might be considered an inf extension of the tectorial membrane? | A The PLL, or pos long lig on the back of the vert. bodies. This extends down to the sacrum |
| Q this ligament extends from C1-S1. It runs between the lamina of adjacent vert. It runs between the pos arch of C1/2........it appears yellowish from a high number of elastic fibers. | A If the yellow part didn't give it away, me telling you it's the Ligamentum flavum won't help much. |
| Q This membrane forms the floor of the SOT. What structure pierces it? | A The pos. atlanto-occipital membrane, which si pierced by the vertebral artery. |
| Q Which lig/membrane might be considered the sup extension of the ligamentum flavum? | A The pos antlantooccipital membrane, which extends from the pos arch of C1 to the occiput. |
| Q This membrane covers the atlantodental joint and it's ligaments. | A The tectorial membrane. Do you remember which ligaments are under there? |
| Q The sup/inf longitudinal lig, and trasnverse lig of the atlas are all part of which ligament? | A the cruciate ligament. |
| Q The deepest fibers of the sup longitudinal ligament are given a specific name. What is it? | A the apical ligament of the dens. |
| Q These ligaments check the rotation of the head. | Alar ligaments. Alar = wing. they look like the dens is being the Y in YMCA |
| Q Spinal arteries are segmental like spinal nn. In the lumbar area, they are called lumbar arteries. What are they called in the thoracic area? | A post. intercostal arteries. Remember, these supply the vertebral column. |
| Q Are there spinal arteries in the cervical region? | A No, blood supply to the vert is from spinal arteries that branch off of the vertebral and ascending cervical arteries. (that means NO segmental arteries in cervical region) |
| Q T/F The dorsal branch (as opposed to ventral) of the segmental arteries supplies blood to the SP's? | A T |
| Q There are ant and pos arteries that supply the spinal cord. How many are there of each? | A 1 ant, 2 post. |
| Q T/F the ant spinal artery supplies about 2/3 the cross section of of spinal cord | A T |
| Q T/F The post spinal artery supplies 1/3 cross section of the spinal cord | A T |
| Q The pos/ant spinal arteries are from the vertebral arteries. Which is ant to the brain stem? | A The ant spinal artery is ant to the brain stem, in the ant sulcus (remember that thing?). The pos spinal artery is pos to the brain stem |
| Q The segmental medullary arteries help regulate blood flow, and reinforce the longitudinal arteries. Which is the largest, and where is it located? | A Great ant. segmental medullary artery (of adamkiewicz), located on the left low T/upper L area |
| Q pos/ant radicular arteries are segmental except for where there are segmental medullary arteries in their place. What do these supply? | A radicular arteries supply spinal rootlets and DRG (i'm not sure what DRG is at this point) |
| Q You've always heard that veins have valves. Guess what i'm going to tell you about the venous drainage of the vert column/spinal cord? | A Yeah, there's a whole bunch of veins and they DO NOT have valves. |
| Q The basivertebral veins drain from the vertebral body to the ant/pos internal vertebral venous plexus. Then where do they drain? | A the ant/pos internal vertebral venous plexus' combine to form the epidural venous plexus (this also joins up with the ant/pos external vert plex), which drains into the dural sinus'. |
| Q What connects the ant/pos internal vert plexus to the ant/pos external vert plexus? | A epidural venous plexus |
| Q What does the pos external vert plexus connect to? | A The azygos system of veins |
| Q There are 3 spinal veins ant/pos to the spinal cord. What do these veins rest on? | A pia mater |
