| Question |
Answer |
| micro wk2. pg42-49 |
(blank) |
| What binds proteins involved in cell wall synthesis previnting cross linking of glycan chains by tetrapeptides? |
a. Penicillin |
| q. Is penicillin more effective against Gram positive bacterium? |
a. Yes, due to increased concentration of PTG, also peniclin derivatives produced to protect against Gram negatives. |
| q. where are lysozymes produced? |
a. body fluids including tears and saliva. |
| q. what breaks bonds linking NAG and NAM destroying structural integrity of cell wall? |
a. Lysozymes |
| q. Lysozymes are often used in laboratory to remove ________layer from bacteria. |
a. PTG |
| q. |
(blank) |
| Lysozyme enzyme often used in laboratory to remove PTG layer from bacteria, produces protoplast in G+ bacteria and produces ________________ in G- bacteria. |
a. spheroplast |
| q. Differences in cell wall account for differences in staining characteristics. Gram positive bacterium retain what kind of Gram stain? |
a. Gram positive bacterium retain crystal violet iodine complex of Gram Stain. |
| q. what lose crystal violet iodine complex? |
a. Gram negative bacterium lose crystal violet-iodine complex. |
| q. Some bacterium naturally lack cell wall, such as mycoplasma(causes pneumonia), thus antimicrobial directed towards cell wall are ineffective, but what gives the membrane its strength you say. |
a. Sterols in membrane account for strength of membrane. |
| q. Bacteria in what domain have a wide variet of cell wall types? |
a. domain archaea, |
| q. do they contain PTG? |
a. no, but they do contain pseudopeptidoglycan. |
| q. Layers external to the cell wall. What is the general function of the capsules and slime layer? |
A. protects bacteria from hosts defenses and enables bacteria to adhear to specific surfaces. |
| q. What is diff. between capsule and slime layer? |
a. capsule is a distinct gelatinous layer and a slime layer is an irregular diffuse layer. |
| q. most capsules and slime layers have a chemical composition of polysaccharide which is refered to as a _____________. |
a. glycocalyx |
| q.some bacteria have protein appendages which include____________ and _______________. |
a. flagella and Pili |
| q. Flagella are long protein structures that can rotate more than ten thousand revolutions per minor 82 miles per hour. and some are important in ________________. |
a. bacterial pathogenisis. |
| q. what are the three basic parts to a flagella? |
a. filament, hook and basal body. |
| q. What does the filament do? |
a. filament extends to exterior and is made of proteins called flagellin. |
| q. What does the hook do? |
a. connects the filament to the cell. |
| q. What does the Basal body do? |
a. Basal body anchors the flagellum into the cell wall. |
| q. Bacterian uses flagella for motility through sensing chemicals called? |
a. chemotaxis |
| q. If the chemical compound is a neutrient it acts a an ______________? |
a. attractant |
| q. if compound is toxic acts as an? |
a. repellent. |
| q. Flagellar Arrangement. A single flagellum at one pole? |
a. Monotrichous |
| q. A single flagellum at both poles? |
a. Amphitrichous |
| q. What is two or more flagella at one or both poles of the cell? |
Lophotrichous. |
| q. What is Peritrichous? |
a. completely surrounded by flagella. |
| q. What is considerabley shorter and thinner than flagella and is composed of protein subunits? |
a. Pili |
| q. what are the three functions of pili? |
a. attachment, movement, conjugation. |
| q. what are the pili called for attachment? |
a. fimbre |
| q. Is pili conjugation a mechanism of DNA transfer? |
a. yes.*** |
| Internal Structures. bacterial cells have a variety of internal structures, some of which are essential for life(chromosome- DNA, and Ribosome -synthesyze proteins, while others are optional and can confire selective advantages such as |
a. plasmid, storage granules, and endospores. |
| q. What resides in cytoplasm in nucleoid space, is typically single chromosome, circular double-stranded molecule,contains all genetic information and has no nuclear membrane? |
a. Chromosome |
| q. circular DNA molecule-generally 0.1%-10.0% size of chromosome? |
a. Plasmid |
| q. what is extrachromosomal(independently replicating) and encode characteristic-potentially enhances survival(antimicrobial resistance)? |
a. Plasmid |
| q. What are involved in protein synthesis and are composed of large and small subunits made of riboprotein and ribosomal RNA? |
a. Ribosome |
| q. what are Prokaryotic ribosomal subunits? |
a. 30s +50s -70s |
| q. Larger thatn eukaryotic ribosomes? |
a. 40S +60S -80S differences often used as target for antimicrobials. |
| q. what are an accumulation of polymers synthesized from excess nutrients (exp. glycogen)?f |
a. Storage granules |
| q. What are small protein compartments that provid buoyancy to cell, and regulat vesicles allowing organism to reach ideal position in environment? |
a. Gas vesicles |
| q. What are dormant cell types produced through sporulation theoretically remain dormant for 100 years and are resistant to damaging conditions such a heat, desiccation, chemicals and uv light? |
a. Endospores |
| q. a vegetative cell is produced through _____________. |
a. germination. |
| q. when does germinatiom occur. |
a. after exposure to heat or chemicals but is not a source of reproduction. |
| q. what two produce endospores? |
a. Genus Bacillus and Clostridium produce endospores. |
| q. what is sporulation |
a. the production of endospores. |
| Endospore formation is a complex ordered sequence. Bacteria sense starvation and begin sporulation. what is the first step of sporulation? |
A. Growth stops. |
| Step 2. |
a. DNA duplicates |
| step 3. |
a. Cell splits unevenly |
| q. what produces the forespore within the mother cell? |
a. the cell splits and the larger component engulfs small component, producing a forspore within mother cell, |
| q. how many membranes is the forspore enclosed by? |
a. forespore is enclosed by two membranes. |
| q.Step 4, what becomes the core of the endospore? |
a. Step 4, the forespore becomes the core of the endospore. |
| q. step 5? |
a. PTG between bembranes forms core wall and cortex. |
| q. what forms core wall and cortex? |
a. PTG between membranes. |
| q. step 6? |
a. Mother cell proteins produce spore coat. |
| q. what produces the spore coat. |
a. Mother cell proteins. |
| q. Step 7? |
a. Mother cell degrades and releases endospore. |
| q. what degrades and releases endospore? |
a. mother cell. |
| q. Intracellular Structure. where are endospores seen? |
a. in Bacillus and Clostridium. |
| Q. When do vegetative cells develope into endospores? |
a. Vegetative cells develop into endospores when there is low amount of carbon or nitrogen. |
| q. how many spores does one bacteria create? |
a. one spore for one bacteria. |
| q. how many spores from one fungi? |
a. fungi can make millions of spores. |
| q. Is moisture in the spores? |
a. no, they are dry, (calcium inside), |
| q. can spores be killed from heating, drying, freezing, toxic chemicals or radiation? |
a. No |
| q. Why are spores so resistant. |
a. Resistance is because of thich spore coat and Dipicolinic acid in the coat.. |
| q.what kind of acid is in the spore coat?q |
a. Dipicolinic acid |
| q. what are the only ways endospores can be destroyed? |
a. by moist heat under pressure(autoclaves) or certain chemicals like glutaraldehydes or ethylene oxide. |
| q. Who is my favorit group on the campus? |
a. the D group, I love you guys and gal. :) |