| Flap 1 |
Flap 2 |
| Abnormal types of white blood cells |
Infectious mononucleosis - caused by epstein-barr virus, leukemias - WBC cancers |
| Leukocytes are? |
White blood cells (WBCs) |
| What is diapedesis? |
When white blood cells slip out of capillary beds to go where needed. |
| Leukocytes move through tissue space by __. |
amoeboid motion |
| Leukocytes follow chemical trail to their destination - this is called __. |
postitive chemotaxis |
| What is leukocytosis? |
WBC count over 11,000/ml - normal homeostatic response to an infection in body |
| 2 major categories of leukocytes. |
Granulocytes (have membrane-bound granules) & agranulocytes (lack them). |
| Pneumonic phrase to remember leukocytes from most abundant to least. |
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, & basophils). |
| Granulocytes include __ & are __ in shape. |
Neutrophils, basophils,& eosinophils (Never Eat Bananas) - Spherical |
| Functionally all granulocytes are __. |
Phagocytes |
| Neutorphils contain antimicrobial proteins called __. |
defensin |
| Neutrophils are called PMNs or polys because? |
They are polymorphonuclear leukocytes because their nuclei have 3-6 lobes. |
| What is a respiratory burst? |
When oxygen is used by phagocytes to produce oxidizing substances to kill germs - hydrogen peroxide - defensin - mediated lysis occurs. |
| Neutrophils |
2/3 of WBCs - follow chemical trails - fine granules - take up blue & red dyes. |
| Eosinophils |
Attach paracites & take part in alergic responses - 2 lobes, stain red, great against worms. |
| agranulocytes |
lymphocytes & monocytes (Let Monkeys). |
| Monocytes |
immature pagocytes - pale blue cytoplasm & dk. nucleus - become marcrophages - activate lymphocytes to mount immune response. |
| B & T cells / lymphocytes |
Operate in immune respoinses - 2nd most common WBC - lg. dk. nucleus w/sm. rim of blue & emeshed in lymphoid tissue. |
| Basophils |
Rarest WBC - release histamine - contain heparin (anticoagulant) - U or S shaped nucleus |
| T lymphocytes (T cells) |
Function in immune response by acting directly against virus - infected & tumor cells. |
| B lymphocytes ( B cells) |
Give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobins). |
| What is leukopoiesis? |
Production of WBCs - stimulated by chemical messengers. |
| 2 glycoprotein familes of hematopoietic factors |
interleukins & coly - stimulating factors (CFSs). |
| Monocytes may live for __. |
several months |
| Lymphocytes may live from __. |
a few days to decades |
| Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes occurs in __ & __. |
leukemia & infectious mononucleosis |
| An abnormally low WBC count is called __ is commonly induced by __. |
leukopenia - glucocorticoids & anticancer agents |
| The leukemias are named according to __. |
The abnormal cell type primarily involved. |
| Leukemia is acute when __ & chronic __. |
it derrives from blast-type cells - when it proliferates from later stages. |
| Acuteleukemia is seen most in __ & chronic in __. |
children - elderly |
| Without therapy, all leukemias are __. |
fatal |
| In leukemia, bone marrow becomes __. |
totallyoccupied by cancerous leukocytes & immature WBCs flood into blood, causing anemia & bleeding |
| The most common causes of death for leukemia are __. |
internal hemorrhage & overwhelming infections |
| Most CFSs are named for? |
The leukocyte population they stimulate, ie granulocyte -CSF (G-CSF). |
| Whatis the granulocyte line of leukopoiesis? |
Hemocytoblast -> myeloid stem cell -> myeoblasts -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> band cell -> granular leukocyte |
| The nuclei arc of granular leukocytes forms when? |
in the band cell stage |
| When myeloblasts accumulate lysosomes, they become __. |
promyelocytes |
| The agranulocyte __ diverge from a myeloblast that can become either a neutrophil or a __. |
monocytes - monocyte |
| Only __ arise via the lymphoid stem cell line. |
lymphocytes |
| Treatments for leukemia are? |
Irradiation & drugs that destroy rapidly dividing cells - bone marrow or unbilical cord blood transplants. |
| Infectious mononucleosis is caused by __ virus. |
Epstein-Barr |
| Hallmoark of infectious mononucleosis is? |
Excess number of agranuloctyes. |
