| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| T/F The spine is a MECHANICAL structure. | TRUE |
| Name THREE structures that vertebrae articulate with. | With each other, the skull, and the pelvis |
| What structure(s) of the spine represent(s) a LEVER? | Vertebrae |
| What structure(s) of the spine represent(s) a PIVOT? | Discs AND Facets |
| What structure(s) of the spine represent(s) PASSIVE RESTRAINTS? | Ligaments |
| What structure(s) of the spine represent(s) ACTIVATIONS? | Muscles |
| One biomechanical function of the spine is that it transfers the weights of WHAT THREE THINGS and their resulting bending moments to the pelvis? | Weight of the head, trunk, and any weight being lifted. |
| One biomechanical function of the spine is that it protects WHAT STRUCTURE from potentially damaging forces? | Spinal Cord |
| What two ways can the spinal cord be damaged? | Trauma and Physiological motion |
| One biomechanical function of the spine it that is allows sufficient _______ _______ between the head, trunk, and pelvis. | Physiologic motions |
| Define organ: | ...any part of the body exercising a specific function. |
| How must we view the spine in our profession? | As and ORGAN! Not just as a string of bone to be manipulated! |
| T/F Chiropractic is a very well-developed as a profession. | FALSE (Chiropractic is in its infancy) |
| Although not everything has to be researched before it is used, how will studying biomechanics help us? | It will increase our critical thinking capacity. |
| What is biomechanics? | The field of physics known as mechanics applied to biologic organisms. |
| What two fields does biomechanics combine? | Engineering and Anatomy & Physiology |
| Define MECHANICS. | The study of forces and their effects. |
| STATICS is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with what? | EQULIBRIUM OF BODIES at rest or in motion with zero acceleration |
| DYNAMICS is the branch of mechanics concerned with what? | The study of the LOADS AND MOTIONS of interacting bodies |
| Name the two branches of dynamic mechanics. | Kinematics and kinetics |
| Describe KINEMATICS. | Deals with the GEOMETRY of the motion of bodies without taking into account the forces that produce the motion. |
| Desceibe KINETICS. | The relations between the FORCE SYSTEM acting on the body and the changes it produces in the body motion. |
| What structures are included in the VERTEBRAL COLUMN? | The bones and ligaments only |
| What structures are included in the SPINE? | The bones, ligaments, neurvovascular structures, and spaces they travel through |
| What do you call a POSTERION DEVIATION of the spine caused by wedge-shaped BODIES? | Kyphosis |
| What do you call an ANTERIOR DEVIATION of the spine caused by wedge-shaped DISCS? | Lordosis |
| Which is a PRIMARY curve: a kyphosis or lordosis? | Kyphosis |
| Which is SECONDARY curve: a kyphosis or lordosis? | Lordosis |
| Name three functions of the curves of the spine. | Increases FLEXIBILITY, increases SHOCK-ABSORBING while still maintained adequate STIFFNESS and STABILITY |
| Name the contradictory charactieristic of ligaments. | They restrict motion BUT also allow motion (up to maximum length) |
| T/F Ligaments make good stabilizers. | FALSE: Ligaments to NOT make good stabilizers |
| What FIVE structures are included in the highly developed, dynamic, neuromuscular control system? | Muscles, nerves, reflex systems, cerebellum |
| According to Gonstead technique, what is a subluxation a disorder of? | The disc |
| What PERCENTAGE of the LENGTH of the spine is made up of the IVDs? | 20-33% |
| T/F the IVDs of the cervical vertebrae are thinner than the IVDs of the lumbar verebrae. | TRUE (cervical 3mm, lumbar 9mm) |
| The greater the ratio of disc thickness to body height, the greater the _____. | Mobility |
| What region of the spine has the LOWEST ratio of disc thickness to body height? | Thoracic region |
| T/F Natural variations usually produce only small changes in mechanical function whereas degeneration produces large changes. | TRUE |
| Name the three parts of an IVD. | Nucleus Pulposus, Annulus Fibrosis, and Cartilagenous End-Plate |
| Some say that the Cartilaginous End-plate is NOT a part of the IVD, but of the _____. | Bone |
| What THREE things make up the MUCOPROTEIN GEL in IVDs? | Proteoglycans, water, and collagen |
| What makes up proteoglycans? | Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteins |
| What attribute of water makes it a great additon to the IVD? | It is (essentially) incompressible |
| The amount of _____ in an IVD is determined by the ratio of proteoglycan and collagen. | Water |
| What is the approximate percentage of water in the nucleus throughout life? | 88% in newborns, 65% in 77YO |
| T/F Annular fibers are made up of more proteoglycans and water than collagen. | FALSE |
| Collagen increases from ___% in the CENTER to 70% in the OUTER annulus. | 6-25% |
| What type of COLLAGEN FIBER is predominate in the ANNULUS and is a TENSION RESISTING tissue? | Type 1 |
| What type of COLLAGEN FIBER is predominate in the NUCLEUS and is a COMPRESSION RESISTING tissue? | Type 2 |
| What type of FIBROUS TISSUE is also found in the ANNULUS FIBROSIS? | Helicoid fibers (Collagen Type 1) |
| The concentric bands of the annulus fibrosis are ___ degrees to the DISC PLANE and ___ degrees to the ADJACENT BANDS. | 30; 120 |
| What TWO structures does the annulus fibrosus attach to and how? | Vertebral osseous tissue (peripherally) and Cartilagenous end-plate (centrally) |
| What do you call the bundles of COLLAGENOUS FIBERS that pass through into the outer lamellae of bone or cementum of teeth? | Sharpey's fibers |
| What type of the cartilage is the Cartilagenous end-plate made of? | Hyaline cartilage |
| T/F Fibrocartilage is a "higher quality" cartilage than hyaline cartilage. | FALSE |
| What STRUCTURES does the Cartilagenous end-plate SEPARATE? | The nucleus and annulus from the vertebra |
| What CHANGES does the CARTILAGENOUS END-PLATE go through? | Active growth cartilage, irregular arrangement, ossification (eventually) |
