| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| lodes | rich streaks of ore |
| ore | rock |
| ghost town | deserted boomtowns as prospectors moved on to more promising sites or returned home |
| subsidies | financial aid and land grants fromthe government |
| transcontinental | spans the continent and connects the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts |
| open range | land that is not fenced or divided into lots |
| brand | symbol burned into cattle's hide to show who owns the cattle |
| homestead | earn ownership of land by settling on it |
| sodbusters | Plains farmers who needed new methods and tools |
| dry farming | to plant seeds deep in the ground where there was some moisture |
| nomadic | someone who travels great distances follwoing their main food source, such as buffalo |
| reservations | tracts of land set aside for them |
| 1869 | transcontinental railroad completed |
| Utah | where the transcontinental railway was completed |
| time zones | the way people measured time as a result of the railroad |
| 1858 Pike's Peak in the Colorado Rockies | gold was discovered |
| lodes | where most of the gold was located in the goldfields |
| railroads expanded rapidly between 1865 and 1890 | railroads could move more goods and people faster |
| railroad construction made possible | government subsidized it |
| 1865 | civil war ended |
| transcontinental railway | used to move things out west |
| chinese | contributed a great deal to the construction of the Transcontinental Railway |
| cattle kingdom ended | overgrazing and glut of cattle |
| 1862 | Homestead Act |
| Homestead Act | gave 160 free acres of land to a settler who paid a filing fee and lived on the land for five years |
| challenges of the Plains farmer | harsh climate, bad winters, plaques of grasshoppers |
| reasons buffalo were killed | food, clothing, shelter |
| 1887 | dawes act |
| dawes act | proposed to break up the reservation and end tribal group identification |
| George Armstrong Custer | a military veteran of the Civil War |
| Little Big Horn | Custer's last stand |
| Sittng Bull | Lokota Sioux leader |
| how did Sitting die | in a scuffle during a ghost dance |
| Chief Joseph | said, "I will never fight forever" |
| 1890 | Wounded Knee |
| Wounded Knee | last armed conflict between native Americans and US army |
