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| a basic structural unit of all living things; the smallest self-maintaining, self-replication biological entity | cell |
| a thin, flexible membrane that separates a living cell from its environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell; also known as plasma membrane | cell membrane |
| 1.rigid/semirigid outer wall of plant cell, composed of cellulose stiffened by lignin;located outside the cell membrane; 2)an analogous structure in bacterial cells composed of peptidoglycan and located between the inner and outer cell membrane | cell wall |
| the oxidation of various foods, such as glucose, within living cels of both plants and animals for the purpose of releasing energy | cellular respiration |
| a complex organelle in green plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs | chloroplast |
| hairlike projections form the cell membrane of some cells, consisting of bundles of microtubeles and motor proteins encased in a flexible membrane | cilia |
| a large, moveable, whiplike tail that extends from a cell and is used for propulsion; characterisic of euglenas, dinoflagellates, and sperm cells | flagella |
| the branch of biology that deals with the study of the structure and function of cells, cell biology | cytology |
| the branch of biology that deals with the study of the structure and function of cells; also called cytology | cell biology |
| the branch of biology that seeks to discover how the cellular mechanisms of living things actually work | molecular biology |
| a jellylike fluid that serves as the fluid medium of a cell | cytoplasm |
| a nucleic acid that governs the construction and operation of the cell and contains the "blueprints" used to construct the cell's machinery | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
| the process by which a cell takes in particles larger than a molecule; ex. phagocytosis and pinocytosis | endocytosis |
| "cell eating": a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solid paricles by surrounding them with its cell membrane | phagocytosis |
| ll drinking": a type of endocytosis in which a cell takes in a droplet of water | pinocytosis |
| the process by which secretion-containing vesicles move from the interior to the survace of a cell and open, spilling their contents to the exterior | exocytosis |
| a system of densely folded membranes that attaches to the outside of a cell's nucleus and extends throughout the cell | endoplasmic reticulum |
| organelles in a cell that consists of a group of flattened, membrane-enclosed compartments that serve to receive proteins manufactured in the rough ER,, package them, and ship them to their final destinations | Golgi complex |
| the maintaining of a stable internal environment bya cell or organism | homestasis |
| an organelle of a cell, considered a special type of vesicle, that functions to break down proteins for recycling; can also be used to attack bacteria that invade body cells | lysosome |
| hollow, rodlike girders in a cell coposed of a protein called tubulin; make up much of the structure of the cytoskeleton and serve as the cell's transportation newwork | microtubule |
| sausage-shaped organelles that serve as the "power plants" of a cell, breaking down carbohydrates and other compounds and using the energy released to form ATP | mitochondrion |
| a large, spherical body in a cell, ofter located near the cell's center, that contains the genetic code of the cell and serves as the cell's master control center | nucleus |
| the double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell | nuclear envelope |
| large porthole-like protein complexes in the nuclear envelope of a cell that serve as "gates", regulating the transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus | nuclear pores |
| a dense region of the nuclear material found in a prodaryotic cell | nucleolus |
| "little organ"; any of various structures within the cytoplasm of a cell that serve as the "organs" of the cell | organelle |
| a lipid molecule similar to a fat molecule but having only two fatty acids instead of three; characterized by a phosphate group (PO4) attached to the "head" of the molecule | phospholipid |
| the good-making process of green plants, in which the energy of sunlight is used to manufacture glucose from water and carbon dioxide | photosynthesis |
| complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells; consist of complex chains of amino acids | protein |
| a small organelle composed of protein and rRNA that serves as a "protein factory" for the cell; the most numerous of the organelles | ribosome |
| a physical law stating that over time entropy tends to increase, leaving energy less available for work; as applies to biology, living things eventually wear out, grow old, and die | second law of thermodynamics |
| a membranous sac or storage space in a cell | vacuole |
| a small, spherical "shipping container" used to transport meterials from place to place within a cell | vesicle |
