| Term |
Description |
| Nationalism |
strong devotion to a nation's interests |
| Militarism |
nation's emphasis on aggressve military preparedness |
| Imperialism |
Process of extending economic, military, and political influence over other nations |
| triple entente |
Became allied powers-France, Britain, Russia |
| Triple Alliance |
central powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
| pacifists |
believed that all wars should be outlawed |
| Gavrilo Princip |
Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand |
| Black Hand |
Serbian nationalist group that wanted to unite Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Central Powers |
military alliance during WWI consisting of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman empire |
| Allied Powers |
Military alliance during WWI consisting of more than 20 nations including Russia, France, and Britain |
| Schlieffen Plan |
German plan to conquer France and then Russia by pushing through Belgium into Northern France |
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| alfred Nobel |
the swedish discoverer of dynamite |
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| stalemate |
neither side able to win |
| Trench Warfare |
method of fighting in ditches deep enough to enable soldiers to fight standing up |
| the Hague Court |
permanent court of arbitration to provide nations with neutral arbitrations to dispute. |
| u-boat |
German submarine |
| lusitania |
british passenger liner sunk by german u-boat |
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| zimmermann telegram |
secret message from german foreign secretary to mexico suggesting an alliance against the U.S. |
| Woodrow Wilson |
President of U.S. during WWI |
| 5 major powers in europe |
Great Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary. |
| treaty of brest-litovsk |
peace treaty signed by russia and germany ending russia's involvement in WWI. Russia gave up 1/3 population and 1/4 land. |
| alsace and Lorraine |
Germany took it from France |
| powder keg of europe |
the balkans |
| Krupp works |
arm maker that sold weapons to both sides |
| Serbia |
Austria lost arch-duke then attacked Serbia cause of that |
| Neutrality proclamation |
wilson issued it to announce that the U.S. is neutral |
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| First battle of marne |
French and British stooped germans and realized not quick victory |
| Battle of Somme |
British lost 60,000 one day |
| new weapons |
tank, posion gas, airplanes, machine guns |
| influences vs. U.S. neutrality |
british examining u.s. ships, u-boats, luisitania killing 128 americans |
| William Jennings bryan |
sec of state, argued u.s could not issue ultamatium and remain neutral thought wilsons commercial trade helped allies |
| Sussex pledge |
U.S. forced german renewal to not sink liners wo/ warning or assuing passenger saftey |
| Robert Lansing |
Bryan's succesor encouraged trade in war materials esp. w/ allies |
| National Defense act; "military preparedness program" |
increased # of soldiers in reg army helped nat. guard and navy |
| jeanette rankin |
from montana, wanted to support country but refused war, pacifist and leader of woman's suffrage movement |
| selective service act |
1917- required men 21-30 (changed 18-45) to register w/ local draft boards (2.8 mil drafted) in hope to bring together diff. backrounds |
| American Expeditionary Force |
led by Pershing; fought w/ france (helped build) |
| convoy system |
merchant vessels escorted by warships; transported supplies and volunteers |
| marshal ferdinand foch |
french military leader; pershing joins |
| General Von Hindenbourg |
led german troops |
| armistice |
to cease fire signed nov 11, 1918@ 11am |
| armistice terms |
germ evacuate france, belgium, luxembourg, & alsace lorraine; surrender war materials; allies alowed to occupy rhineland |
| american battles |
belleau wood, St. mihiel, 2nd battle of marne |
| croix de guerre |
"cross of war" french military honor given to af. american troop ( for argonne offensive) |
| germ power |
Wilhelm 2 goes into exile Netherlands |
| William McAdoo |
sec of treasury-war bonds, increased taxes, gov set prices& production levels, regulation of business |
| Food Administration |
Herbert Hoover; increase farm production, observe meatless and wheatless days, grow gardens |
| Fuel Act |
Harry Garfield- heatless mondays, closed factories when short of fuel |
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| War Industries Board |
Bernard Baruch- resp for locating scare materials, set prices , production priorities |
| labor probs |
due to draft, lack of european immigration & union strikes short of labor |
| National War Labor Board (NWLB) |
created by wilson- composed of reps from business's; arbitrated disputes between employers and workers (caused union membership to grow) |
| woman's roles |
took over jobs of men @ war; volunteered war hospitals |
| Carie Chapman Catt |
woman's suffrage leader; on committe of council of nat. defense( supported war) |
| harriet stanton blanch |
head food administration speakers bureau- helped passage of 19th amendment |
| mexican immigration |
fleeing mex revolution lured by southern farmers |
| great migration |
african americans from south to north; better standard of living but racial violence |
| Committe on Public Information |
George Creel- prog to support war; warned about spies, criticizing gov, changed names of german foods etc |
| sedition& espionage act |
1917- outlawed acts of treason; made crime to recognize disloyalty, opposition to draft, war bonds or arms industry (arrested socialist's berger and debs) |
| fourteen points |
wilson's program for world peace dealt with self determination, causes of war, league of nations |
| Big four |
Wilson, Orlando, Lloyd George, Clemenceau |
| Victtorio Orlando |
Italy's prime minister- make sure italy got territories guaranteed before war |
| David Lloyd George |
British prime minister- didnt want to show generosity twd germans or give up naval supremecy (against wilson's plan) |
| George Clemenceau |
ensure french security w/ revenge on germ |
| Reparations |
insisted germ bare finacial cost of war; wanted secret spoils of war treaties honored (violated wilson's plan) |
| treaty of versailles |
ended ww1-Germ colonies & ottoman empire divided among allied nations as specified in spoils of war treaty; creation league of nations |
| mandate system |
required new colonial rulers to report on administraion to league of nations |
| new nations |
czechoslavakia, yugoslavia, finland, estonia, lativa, lithuania, poland |
| treaty bitter for germ |
lost colonies, france reclaimed alsace lorriane (won 15 yr control of saar; rich in coal and iron); disarmed & forced to admit full guilt |
| Wilson's proposal for league of nations |
headquartered in geneva; permenant administrative assembly, each nation one vote and a council, 5 perm members: france britain italy japan & us(never joined) |
| league covenant |
solve disputes peacefully; waiting period before war, if failed to follow council could apply economic pressure and use force; article 10 |
| article 10 |
respect and preserve independence & territorial integrity of all member nations |
| irreconcilables |
14 republicans wanted nothing to do with treaty and league of nations |
| reservationists |
led by henry cabot lodge; 35 republicans senators would support treaty if league covenant amended because they objected article 10; wanted to protect senate's power to declare war |
| henry cabot lodge |
mass. head of senate's committe on foreign relations; wilson's enemy (led reservationists) |
| wilson's campaign |
9,500 speaking tour defending treaty; collapsed from stroke; treaty failed |
| 1920 election |
american's wanted to put war behind; league of nations formed without america |
| global impact |
europe: industry and agriculture not enough to meet demand; germ: food shortages & lost territory |
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| Belgium |
invaded by Germany |
| Battle of Marne |
marked first turning point in war, Germany lost quick victory |
| Verdum |
high # of casualties french won back Verdum |
| Garret Morgan |
invented gas masks |
| Armenian massacre |
killing of alot of christians, at least 600,000 men, women and children murdered |
| william gibbs macadoo |
wilson's son-in-law convinced him that he could find money to fight the war |
| espionage act |
aimed at spying and treason and prohibiting use of mails to send treasonable materials |
| sedition act |
barred critism on gov't |
| Alvin york |
U.S. war hero registered for draft but asked for exemption on religious purposes |
| stevedores |
load and unload boating docks |
| AEF |
American Expeditionary Force, the first u.s. troops to arrive and fight, fought with france |
| Meuse-argonne |
the last major French and American offensive war |
| the defender |
Most popular black paper, it told them about the north |
| urban league |
national group aided the a.a.with the adjsutment to the cities |
| League of nations |
to correct any injustices of the peace treaty |
| Irreconcilables |
does not get with the program |
| WILPF |
Women's International League for peace and freedom est. in switz. they rallied around the league of nations |
