| Muscle |
Actions |
Lever |
Advantages |
| rhomboids |
retraction, depression, downward rotation |
type I |
mechanical advantage, high force potential |
| levator scapulae |
scapula: elevation, downward rotation, abduction, retraction
spine: lateral flexion, rotation |
Type III |
high force, low ROM, mechanical advantage |
| upper trapezius |
neck: extension, lateral flexion, rotation
scapula: elevation |
Type I |
mechanical advantage, low force, low velocity |
| middle trapezius |
retraction, elevation, upward rotation |
Type III |
low velocity, good force, mechanical advantage |
| lower trapezius |
upward rotation, adduction, depression |
Type I |
mechanical advantage, high force, high velocity |
| serratus anterior |
abduction, upward rotation, depression |
Type III |
high force, ROM, moderate velocity |
| latissimus dorsi |
adduction, internal and external rotation, extension, horizontal abduction |
Type III |
high force and velocity, hybrid ROM and mechanical advantage |
| anterior deltoid |
abduction, flexion, internal rotation and horizontal adduction |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| biceps brachi |
elbow and shoulder flexion, supination, weak horizontal adduction |
Type III |
high force and velocity, mechanical advantage |
| brachialis |
flexion |
Type III |
ROM, low force, low velocity |
| supraspinatus |
abduction and stabilization |
Type I |
low force, low velocity, ROM |
| infraspinatus |
external rotation and horizontal abduction |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| subscapularis |
internal rotation and stabilization |
Type III |
high force, low velocity, hybrid |
| teres minor |
external rotation and horizontal abduction |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| teres major |
internal rotation, extension and adduction |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| pectoralis major |
horizontal flexion, horizontal adduction, internal rotation, adduction, flexion, abduction
scapula: downward rotation, depression, and initial protraction |
Type III |
high force, moderate velocity, mechanical advantage |
| pectoralis minor |
abduction, downward rotation, depression |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| triceps brachii |
shoulder extension, adduction, elbow flexion, supinator |
Type I |
ROM, high velocity, high force |
| brachioradialis |
flexion, supination and pronation initiator |
Type II |
ROM, low velocity and force |
| pronator teres, pronator quadratus, and flexor carpi radialis |
internal rotation |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| sternocleidomastoid |
flexion, rotation, lateral flexion, extension |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| lateral deltoid |
abduction, flexion, transverse abduction |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| posterior deltoid |
external rotation, extension, transverse |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| supinator and biceps brachii |
external rotation |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor pollicus longus, flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis |
wrist flexors |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| extensor digitorum, carpi radialis longus and brevis, carpi ulnaris, indicis, digiti minimi, pollicus longus and brevis |
wrist extensors |
(blank) |
(blank) |
| penis |
erection |
(blank) |
(blank) |
