| Term | Description |
| Renaissance | "A rebirth of knowledge"..... A time of creativity and experimentation with math, science art, and literature. |
| Humanism | Belief in the individual. Men and women have tremendous abilities and power over their lives. |
| Decline of the Feudal System | end of the middle ages; rise of the middle class. Middle class- merchants, lawyers, doctors, and gov't officials. |
| Leonardo di Vinci | inventor; came up with the first drawings of human bodies_internal and skeletal |
| Reformation | challenging the beliefs of the Catholic Church with Humanist ideas. |
| Democracy | everyone gets one vote; everyone is equal |
| Republic | representative government; everyone votes for representatives and then representatives casts the votes |
| Monarchy | one ruler, usually a king, makes the decisions. power is inherited at birth |
| Dictatorship | one ruler makes decisions. gets power through military control |
| Oligarchy | small group of people make the decisions |
| Anarchy | no central government or leaders; the absence of government |
| What was Portugal searching for? | searching for trade routes to the East Indies |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | From Portugal. began period of exploration. Founded a navigational school. |
| Bartholomeau Dias | from Portugal. sailed around the southern tip of Africa |
| Vasco de Gama | from Portugal. sailed around Africa to India, 1st trade route by water |
| What did Spain find? | Spain found gold while searching for trade routes to the East Indies |
| Christopher Columbus | from Spain. explored the islands of the Caribbean |
| Vasco de Balboa | from Spain. discovered the Pacific Ocean |
| Ferdinand Magellan | from Spain. first to circumnavigate the globe and to sail around the world. |
| Francisco Pizarro | from Spain. conquered the Incas |
| Hernando Cortez | from Spain. conquered the Aztecs |
| Francisco Coronado | from Spain. looked for the 7 Cities of Gold in southwestern Noth America |
| Hernando de Soto | from Spain. explored central America, found Mississippi River. |
| What did France search for and accomplish? | France searched for the northwest passage to East, found the Fur Trade and had the best relationship with Native Americans. |
| Jacques Carter | from France. explored St.Lawrence River to Quebec |
| Samuel de Champlain | from France. established Quebec. known as "Father of New France" |
| Joliet and Marquette | from France. explored the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River |
| LaSalle | from France. founded Orleans for France at the mouth of the Mississippi River |
| What did England search for and accomplish? | searched for northwest passage to East and found land to settle |
| John Cabot | from England. discovered the east coast of America |
| Henry Hudson | from England. explored the Hudson Bay and River |
| Sir Francis Drake | from England. a pirate knighted for his looting of Spanish treasure ships. He was the 2nd to circumnavigate the world. |
| What was Spain's first settlement? | St. Augustine |
| What was France's first settlement? | Quebec |
| What was England's first settlement? | Jamestown |
| Name the New England colonies. | Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hamshire |
| Name the Middle colonies | New York, Delaware, New York and Pennsylvania |
| Name the Southern colonies. | Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia |
| charter | an official document granting the right to settle and trade |
| colony | settlement made by a "parent" country |
| mercantilism | idea that a "parent" country can become wealthy through its colonies by exporting more than it imports |
| import | good that are brought into a country |
| export | goods made in one place and sent to another |
| subsistence farming | when farmers produce only enough to feed and maintain their families |
| cash crop | a crop grown to be sold |
| indentured servant | a person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specific amount of time in exchange for room/board or passage |
| social mobility | the ability for a person to move from one social class to another |
| triangular trade | regular trading routes that formed a triangle between the West Indies, colonial America, Europe and West Africa |
| Magna Carta | English document limiting the power of the king |
| Mayflower Compact | a government established by the Pilgrims on their boat, the MAyflower, before they landed on Plymouth Rock. |
| Separation of Church and State | individual state constitutions |
| Where was the French and Indian War faught? | in the Ohio Valley |
| Who faught in the Freanch and Indian War? | French vs. British soldiers and volunteer colonists |
| What was the cause of the French and Indian War? | France and England wanted to take control of the new continent. This would make either one the richest, most powerful nation. |
| What was the result of the French and Indian War? | (the first) Treaty of Paris. *England had control over all lands to the Mississippi River and Canada. *Spain controlled the southwest and Florida. *France lost all holdings in North America. |
| What were the causes of the Revolutionary War? | *French and Indian War was expensive and had depleted England's treasury. *Quartering Act *Townshend Act *Boston Massacre *Tea Act *Boston Tea Party *Coercive Acts *1st Continental Congress |
| Quartering Act | colonists were forced to house British soldiers in their homes. |
| Towshend Act | England taxed the colonists on luxury items. |
| Boston Massacre | five Bostonians shot dead, including Crispus Attucks |
| Tea Act | taxed tea and gave East India Company exclusive rights to sell |
| Boston Tea Party | Bostonians revolted and dumped the tea into the harbor. |
| Coercive Acts | England blockaded (closed) Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for |
| 1st Continental Congress | George Washington became head of the Continental Army |
| 2nd Continental Army | held in Independence Hall in Philadelphia |
| Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? | Thomas Jefferson |
| When was the Declaration of Independence written? | 1776 |
| What happened in 1492? | Columbus first sailed to the Western Hemisphere |
| Olive Branch Petition | A letter to King George asking for peace |
| Loyalists | colonists who supported Britain and were against colonial independence |
| Patriots | colonists who faught for independence for the colonies |
| The "shot heard around the world" was from where? | Lexington and Concord, Mass. |
| What happened at Bunker Hill and Breeds Hill, Mass? | British defense of Boston. Colonists were low on ammunition. It was known, "Don't shoot until you can see the whites of their eyes!" |
| Long Island, NY | 5,000 colonists vs. 20,000 British. British victory |
| Trenton, NJ | Christmas Eve surprise attack by Washington. American victory. |
| What happened at Saratoga? | American victory know as "turning point of the war": British planned to cut New England off from the rest of the country. Poor communication among British generals led to a major victory for America. French agreed to send troops, money and support 4 AmRev |
| What was Valley Forge? | a winter campground of American troops. Tough time; cold, harsh conditions. "bloody snow" |
| Savannah | British victory. The "butcher", General Tarleton |
| Cowpens | American victory. The "swamp fox", Francis Marion |
| Yorktown, Virginia | American victory that ended the American Revolution. British commander, Cornwallis, was surrounded on a peninsula by American forces on land, and the French Fleet of Admiral de Grasse in Chesapeake Bay. |
| (second) Treaty of Paris | French and British signed the peace treaty, 1785 |
| Nathan Hale | American Spy. "I regret that I only have one life to give for my country." |
| General Cornwallis | British commander, surrendered at Yorktown, VA. |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French general who helped Washington |
| Baron von Steuben | Prussian soldier who helped train the troops at Valley Forge |
| John Paul Jones | father of American Navy. "I have not yet begun to fight!" |
| Francis Marion | American soldier known as the "swamp fox" |
| Benedict Arnold | American general who turned traitor, tried to sell West Point. |
| Paul Revere | warned "the British are coming" at Lexington and Concord |
| Benjamin Franklin | inventor, statesman, oldest delegate at conventions |
| John Adams | outspoken patriot, later to become 2nd President of US |
| Thomas Paine | author of "Common Sense" |
| Patrick Henry | representative of the Virginia House of Burgesess who said, "Give me liberty, or give me death!" |
| militia | a group of civilians trained as soldiers to fight in emergencies |
| Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? | They failed b/c it loosly joined the states, no central government.
|
| Virginia Plan | favored large states and representation by population |
| New Jersey Plan | favored small states and equal representation |
| Great Compromise | combined the two plans.(NJ and VA) allowed for equal representation in the Senate and representation based on population in the House |
| Three-fifths compromise | slaves counted as 3/5 of a vote for taxation and for representaion |
| Ratifying the Constitution | need to pass by 3/4 of the states. NH was the ninth state to ratify on Sept. 17, 1787 |
| popular sovereignty | the beleif that people should have the right to rule themselves |
| limited government | the powers of government are limited to the ones granted to it by the people |
| federalism | sharing of powers between the different branches of government |
| checks and balances | a system that allows each branch to checkor limit the powers of others |
| separation of powers | the government is divided into three branches, each with its own functions and powers |
| Iroquois League | nations joined together for defense but kept independent ideas |
| Magna Carta | British constitution that limited the power of the leaders and allowed for a Bill of Rights for the people |
| Philosopher John Locke | idea that government has a contract with the people |
| 1492 | Columbus first sailed to W. Hemisphere |
| 1500's | series of european explorers were exploring the US. (England, France, Spain and Portugal) |
| 1607 | Jamestown, VA was settled |
| 1620 | The Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock |
| 1763 | French and Indian War. British won |
| 1776 | Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jeferson. Revolutionary War was going on.-->US won |
| 1777-8 | Articles of Confederation were created but soon failed b/c they were too weak. Constitution was written |
| 1800 | Election of 1800 |
| What is the total # of US senators? | 100 |
| The idea that a mother country can become wealthy through its colonies by exporting more than it imports is called _____________ | merchantilism |
| An agreement that is accepted by both sides is a __________ | compromise |
| First Europeans to reach Western Hemisphere: | Vikings |
